(TCP PROJECT EXAMPLE)

I. Project Summary

The project will assist the Government of Country X in the implementation of an On-Farm Water Management pilot programme in support of the Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS) which was requested by the Government as a follow-up to the World Food Summit in early 1997. The SPFS programme was formulated in February 1998 and the On-Farm Water Management Pilot Programme in November 1998 under an advance allocation provided under this project.

The project will provide essential technical assistance to the Ministry of Agriculture - Department of Agricultural Extension required to implement a pilot demonstration programme in on-farm water management in six locations of three districts representing different agro-ecological conditions. The pilot programme will demonstrate how a substantial increase in agricultural production can be achieved by introducing in a participative manner a package of appropriate techniques and technologies related to better on-farm water management and the intensification of crop production. By monitoring the impact on the farming system and by evaluating marketing, credit, and socio-economic conditions, an analysis of the main constraints towards further expansion of the technologies will be made. Progress will be monitored and evaluated to provide a basis for decisions.

The project will provide the services of national and international personnel to assist and advise in the planning, development and implementation of the various technologies. Materials and some equipment will be procured and facilities for the implementation of the training programme will be provided.

Over a two-year period the project will test and demonstrate a set of techniques and technologies proven to increase and intensify crop production by improved water management and appropriate crop husbandry measures which includes improved soil fertility, pest control and introduction of high yielding varieties. Furthermore, the project will have established procedures to strengthen local, district and NGOs capacity to provide effective and sustainable support services to farmers in on-farm water management for the further expansion of the SPFS programme.

The proposed FAO/TCP project will be a sub-component of the Government's Agricultural Sector Innovation & Reform Project (ASIRP) for which it is seeking support also from the World Bank and the Department for International Development (DFID) of the ... Government. Linkages will be established to on-going and planned agricultural development and investment programmes in the country. By the end of the project, proposals will be made based on results achieved to further expand successfully demonstrated water management technologies into national and regional development and investment programmes under a larger follow-up investment project.

II. Background and Justification

Water is the single most important factor in agricultural production in Country X as the hydro-ecological conditions of agricultural land, related to flooding, waterlogging, depth of the water table or water retention characteristics, determine directly the cropping and production system, with rice being the predominant crop. Water management for irrigation or drainage and flood control is a year-round undertaking for the Country X farmer. Depending on the season and year, the farmer has either too much or too little water. Farming systems (crop rotation, number of crops per year, type of crops) depend entirely on the situation of the farmer's fields with respect to water (drainability, elevation, access to water and soil type). Therefore, improving On-Farm Water Management (OFWM) to increase agricultural productivity requires a holistic year-round approach.

As OFWM cannot be done in isolation, farmers need to establish a mechanism for effective cooperation and partnership in water management. The small farm holdings and complex hydraulic systems mean that no farmer can manage water in isolation and the farmer is dependent in many ways on the cooperation of other farmers, pump owners and sharecroppers. Solutions for better water management are very location-specific and need to be conceived, implemented, operated and maintained by local farmers groups. Costs of water control works need therefore to be financially sustainable for farmers.

The country is well endowed with good soil and ecological diversity and has extensive surface and sub-surface water resources suitable for irrigation development. Irrigation of rice in the dry/winter season has been the main factor for the increase in agricultural production, and the irrigated area in Country X expanded from 1.5 million ha in 1982 to 3.7 million ha in 1996. In particular the liberalization of minor irrigation equipment supply has resulted in a spectacular increase in irrigated area and in a substantial boost in agricultural production. Over 90% of the irrigated area consist of various forms of minor irrigation development related to the introduction of shallow and deep tubewell and low lift pumps. Presently an estimated 30% of the country is equipped with irrigation equipment, mainly through small lift irrigation from groundwater and surface waters. Gravity irrigation is limited due to the flat topography of the country. Minor irrigation schemes cover over 90% of the irrigated area and utilize both surface and groundwater and lift water by suction mode, force mode or manually operated devices.

Irrigation is practised mainly for boro (dry/winter season) rice, which leaves irrigation equipment idle for most of the rest of the year. In years of below average annual rainfall supplementary irrigation at the grain filling stage of Transplanted (T.) Aman rice (wet/summer season) could prevent as much as 40% loss of yield. The average area irrigated per pump is about 3.46 ha for shallow tubewells (STWs), 20.8 ha for deep tubewells (DTWs) and 9.5 ha for low-lift pump (LLPs), although their average annual capacities are respectively about 7 ha, 30 ha and 14 ha. The total area irrigated therefore averages only 57% of the capacity of the installed equipment (48% for STWs, 56% for DTWs and 64% for LLPs). Most minor irrigation systems have poor field water management due to a lack of technical know-how as well as poor water control structures: improper canal cross-sections and layout as well as inadequate drainage are common. In addition, social issues affecting watersharing among small farmers impede maximum utilization of equipment. Intensity of utilization and food output could be raised through better on-farm water management. But for this to happen in practice, farmers need to be convinced that they can improve their income by better irrigation and drainage practices, and the opportunities these provide for crop intensification and diversification.

Extensive investments have been made in drainage and flood control works. Regulators, embankments and drainage canals control the floodwaters, which yearly inundate large parts of the country during the monsoon season and retain water for irrigation, fishery and boat transport in the dry season. Management of the flood gates and drainage regulators is done in most cases arbitrarily and only recently the importance of participative management is realized for ensuring optimal drainage and water retention for dry season irrigation, fishery and water transport. Flooding and water logging is a predominant soil condition, effecting yields and delaying planting. Little attention has been paid so far to the importance of field drainage and its potential to intensify crop production and increase yields.

Considerable scope exists to further enhance and optimize productivity of the farming system by better on-farm water management and the Government of Country X (GOX) has recognized the importance of introducing at farm level appropriate techniques and technologies in water management as a key area to intensify agricultural production.

The Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) provides direct support and advice to small holder farmers and established under the Agricultural Support Services Project (ASSP) in early 1997 a Water Management and Agricultural Engineering (WM&AE) wing to promote the introduction of better water management at field level. Agricultural engineering staff have been assigned in 21 Districts and 42 ...¹ and received training in water management under the ASSP programme. However, staff have inadequate practical experience and skills to effectively advise farmers in on-farm water management. Lacking is a package of well defined tested technologies and effective procedures, which could promote the introduction of improved on-farm water management techniques and ensure appropriate cooperation among farmers in effective water management.

In follow-up of recommendations of the World Food Summit in 1996, GOX requested FAO to assist in the formulation of the Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS) in Country X as part of its overall national strategy to promote sustainable agriculture and food security. In close cooperation with UNDP and WB, FAO missions assisted in defining strategies to achieve food security and alleviate rural poverty. A joint FAO-GOX policy paper on food security was formulated, which proposed an initial pilot programme confirming to SPFS objectives to test and develop sustainable technologies related to better water control, intensification of crop production and diversification of farm production, taking into account socio-economic constraints.

GOX requested IDA assistance to support implementation of SPFS activities for small scale pilot programmes and based on a Memorandum of Understanding between the WB and FAO, joint action was taken to assist GOX in the formulation and implementation of the SPFS programme.

GOX, with the assistance of IDA, FAO and the Department for International Development (DFID) of the ... Government, formulated the Agricultural Sector Innovation & Reform Project (ASIRP), which is in direct support of the new National Agricultural Extension Policy (NAEP). The new extension policy is based on bottom up farmer needs assessments, decentralized programmes designed to meet these needs, and increased partnerships with NGOs and other extension providers. The ASIRP, which is expected to become operational in early 1999, will include the implementation of three pilot programmes under the SPFS to demonstrate and test the possible benefits of:

1. improved on-farm water management technologies (FAO/TCP project)
2. village level soil nutrition management and
3. crop yield forecasting by monitoring agro-meteorological conditions.

Field trials will test and demonstrate promising technologies and develop appropriate procedures to ensure adoption of the technologies at farm level. To be successful, OFWM programmes must start with farmers' own perceptions of their problems and requirements. Programmes need to be defined through a consultative process, based on such farmer-identified issues, rather than prior technical judgements.

The Government requested FAO technical assistance in the formulation and implementation of the pilot programme on OFWM as part of the ASIRP programme so as to facilitate the wider dissemination and uptake of successfully demonstrated water control technologies in future, under a larger follow-up investment project.

The proposed OFWM programme will form part of the SPFS and is in direct support of the new NAEP as well of the Country X National Water Policy, which emphasizes the development of surface and groundwater in an efficient and equitable manner and promotes the delegation of water management to water management associations and farmers groups.

The TCP project will provide essential technical assistance to the DAE to implement the two-year pilot demonstration programme in six pilot locations in three districts.

The project will provide the services of national and international personnel to assist and advise in the planning, development and implementation of the various technologies. Materials and some equipment will be procured and facilities for the implementation of the training and extension programme in OFWM will be provided.

As specified in Table 1, the project will address in each of the selected pilot locations specific constraints and will test and demonstrate appropriate techniques in OFWM and crop intensification. These techniques will have to reflect the farmers own perception of their problems and requirements and the social conditions and economic incentives of small farmers in Country X. It is expected that in the two-year pilot phase these techniques will substantially increase agricultural production and secure food and income. Furthermore the project will have established procedures to strengthen local, district and NGOs capacity in providing effective and sustainable support services to farmers aimed at improving on-farm water management and for the further expansion of the SPFS programme.

The outputs of the SPFS pilot programme will provide a template for further investments and the promotion of agricultural development to achieve national food security.

Table 1 Description of Pilot Locations and proposed technologies

Description Pilot Location	OFWM Technologies to be tested and demonstrated
District
1. Administrative Subdistrict A	Sites: A, B, C, D
2. Administrative Subdistrict B	Sites: A, B, C, D
The district represents the "dry zone" of the country where average annual rainfall is one of the lowest (1625 +/-342 mm) and highly variable. The area is predominately high (48.6%) and medium highland (31.1%) and suitable for year round cropping. Paddy, wheat, jute, pulses, oilseeds, potato and vegetables are the major crops grown. Ground water is the major source of irrigation and the district has considerable number of minor irrigation equipment (28793 STW and 1142 DTW). Sixty three percent of Net Cropped Area is irrigated. The existing irrigation equipment is largely under-utilized and the command area under both STW and DTW is far less than optimum. Faulty/inappropriate water conveyance and distribution system, in-field water loss, and lack of proper irrigation scheduling based on crop requirements, are major hindrances for increasing the command area. Being flood free, T.Aman rice is grown in large area (29.52% of TCA). The crop is affected by moisture stress toward the tail end of the growing season almost every year.	Intensification and diversification of cropping system, particularly with vegetables and rabi crops. Improving productivity by introduction of modern high yielding varieties of crops, improved cultural practices and appropriate irrigation and water management practices. Improvement of water conveyance system to improve command area Introduction of supplemental irrigation for T.Aman crop Introduction of field drainage Strengthening of water management groups
...District
3. Administrative Subdistrict A	Sites : A, B, C
4. Administrative Subdistrict B	Sites: A, B, C
...District is one of the southern districts with 1828 +/-317 mm rainfall with 5 months receiving >200 mm. The area is subject to moderately to deep flooding every year, which limits scope for intensification and diversification. Cropping intensity of the district is low (176%) with a large area (37% NCA) planted to single boro or broadcast aman rice. Major crops grown are paddy, jute, wheat, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, groundnut and some vegetables. Farmers mostly use traditional/old varieties of most crops including rice. Irrigated crops include boro rice (89.35%) and wheat (7.72%). Other major rabi crops - khesari and mustard - are not irrigated The major mode of irrigation is LLP covering 37.40% of irrigated area. The irrigation coverage is only 18.29% of Net Cropped Area (113487 ha). Command area of LLP and STW is quite low and the potential capacities remain largely under-utilized. Large portion of pumped water is wasted at discharge points and in the conveyance canals as these are not properly constructed and maintained.	Improvement of field level drainage to increase cropping intensity Introduction of HYV varieties and improved cultural practices control to increase productivity Expansion of irrigation in the dry season. Improvement of the irrigation conveyance Strengthening of water management groups
... District
5. Administrative Subdistrict A	Sites: A, B, C
6. Administrative Subdistrict B	Sites: A, B, C
Located in the higher North-Western part of the country the region is moderately wet with annual rainfall of 2154 +/-540 mm with 5 months receiving > 200 mm. Higher parts are normally flood-free with lower parts having shallow flooding mainly by rain water and a shallow ground water aquifer. Ground water is the principal source of irrigation in the district, with STW and DTW as the major mode of irrigation. The command area under all modes of irrigation is low, mainly due to loss of pumped water in the earthen conveyance system, canal banks are eroded easily and water losses are high in light soil. Due to predominance of highland (43.0%) and medium highland (52.7%), the area is highly suitable for year round cropping. Hence a large number of crops including boro and T.Aman rice, wheat, potato, mustard, tobacco, jute and vegetables. Irrigate crops are mainly boro rice (75.18% of total irrigated area), wheat (13.99%) and other crops including potato, tobacco and winter vegetables (10.83%). In most years, T.Aman rice is affected by drought at the tail end of the growing season, but supplementary irrigation is not usually given.	Increase efficiency of irrigation system by improvement to conveyance system Intensification of cropping patterns, particularly in MHL situations increasing crop productivity by introduction of HYV and appropriate cultural practices Introduction of supplementary irrigation Strengthening of water management groups

III. Objectives of the Assistance

Within the framework of the national strategy for agricultural development and food security the project will pursue the development objectives of the SPFS programme of Country X to develop a strategy to maximize national food security, to ensure access of food for all and to reduce the risks of disruptive variations in food supply.

More specifically the objectives of the on-farm water management pilot programme in support of the SPFS will be as follows:

1. To demonstrate and pilot appropriate procedures and techniques in water management at farm level consistent with farmers own perceived needs and the social and economic conditions, which will intensify and increase crop production and ensure the sustainable and participative management of surface and ground water.
2. To develop and test procedures to strengthen the capacity of the DAE in partnership with local NGOs to provide effective support to farmers to improve on-farm water management and to intensify crop production.
3. To monitor and assess programme effectiveness through a systematic analysis of constraints and to prepare recommendations whether and how the pilot demonstrations can be expanded into national and regional development programmes linked to international assistance and investment programmes.

IV. Project Output

In support of the overall objectives to maximize national food self-sufficiency, the specific outputs of the project are:

1. Six pilot projects on improved on-farm water management practices and better extension services implemented in six Administrative Subdistricts to test and develop appropriate OFWM techniques consistent with the farmers perceived needs and social and economic conditions; well defined procedures for encouraging such OFWM improvements; and to strengthen DAE capacity at district, Administrative Subdistrict and field level in encouraging OFWM improvements within the framework of the overall extension programme.
2. Eight technical staff training courses implemented for district and Administrative Subdistrict staff, NGO staff and block supervisors² providing essential knowledge and skills to provide technical support and guidance to farmers, and a consolidated staff training programme and training materials to expand the programme.
3. A set of tested techniques and technologies proven to substantially increase production by improved water management and intensified crop production through appropriate plant nutrition; introduction of HYV, IPM and other cultural practices and improved varieties;
4. Recommendations and measures to overcome constraints which may prevent the introduction of the various techniques and technologies and are related to the specific ecological and socio-economic conditions in the selected pilot areas, including market conditions, availability and price of agricultural inputs, community participation, and environmental preservation.
5. Six farmers training courses will have been introduced and participatory procedures defined, which ensure an effective process of technology transfer, increased farmers knowledge and initiative and the essential community participation and development, including women.
6. In three districts (six Administrative Subdistricts) partnership established with suitable NGOs in the implementation of the OFWM programme.
7. Cooperation and linkages established with relevant on-going agricultural development and investment programmes in the country.
8. Assessment of technical, economic and financial viability of the OFWM interventions and approaches for conveying these proposed interventions to farmers. Costed proposal prepared on the further extension of the pilot programme to national and regional development and investment programmes.

V. Workplan

In pursuance of the objectives and outputs of the project, the OFWM demonstration programme will be conducted in the three Districts:

1. ... district is located in the Southern part of the country representing low-lying flood-prone area;
2. ... district, located in the South-West part of the country representing low-rainfall drought-prone highland areas and
3. ...district in the North-West of the country, representing flood-free highland areas with deeper groundwater aquifer.

Preparatory Activities (Advance Allocation)

Under an advance allocation provided under project TCP/.../.., the formulation of the SPFS Water control component was undertaken in November 1998 by a joint TCI and AGLW mission. The mission was carried out in conjunction with the WB pre-appraisal mission for the Agricultural Services Innovation and Reform project. With the assistance of a National Consultant and staff of WM&AE wing the selection of potential pilot sites was carried out, providing basic information on the conditions and potential of the OFWM improvements.

Plan of Operation (February - April 1999)

At the start of the project a team of national consultants will be assigned consisting of a senior agricultural advisor, OFWM specialist and socio-economist. The team will carry out Participatory Rural Appraisals (PRA) on the proposed sites in the selected Administrative Subdistricts in order to confirm suitability of the sites and to compile relevant benchmark information on existing farming systems, agro-ecological situation and socio-economic conditions. The potential of appropriate OFWM technologies and agricultural improvements will be identified based on farmers conceived priorities and constraints limiting productivity and opportunities for increase and intensification of production.

Suitable farmers groups will be selected to participate in the OFWM demonstration based on their willingness and motivation to participate in the improvement works and their agreement to cooperate through water users groups.

A project steering committee will be assigned to provide overall guidance to the National team and to ensure inputs and coordination among the different technical agencies, research institutes and development projects. Members of the steering committee will represent the relevant departments in the MOA, DAE and the Ministry of Water Resources as well the inter-ministerial steering committee of the SPFS in Country X.

The national team will ensure for each district adequate support of the local agencies and district development committees and define the institutional arrangements for implementation of the programme in each Administrative Subdistrict and pilot location. This will include the assignment of suitable technical and extension staff at district, Administrative Subdistrict and field level and the participation of a suitable NGO. Responsibilities and tasks of all field staff will be adequately defined. Furthermore, estimates will be made of the various inputs (fertilizers, seeds, construction materials) to be procured under the project and conditions for credit arrangements and distribution per site.

Based on the findings of the PRA the national team will prepare a Plan of Operation in which procedures for the implementation of the pilot demonstration programme will be specified. The Plan of Operation will be presented and discussed in a National Workshop to be organized in April 1999 for senior staff of MOA and representatives of relevant research institutes, national development programmes and projects, NGOs and donors.

Pilot Demonstration Programme (June 1999 - November 2000)

The development, testing and demonstration of the various technologies will be linked to the major growing seasons and will include three growing seasons over the lifetime of the project from April 1999 till November 2000:

• Monsoon season from June till November 1999 with Aus and Kharif crops
• Dry Season from November 1999 till May 2000 with Rabi & Boro crops
• Monsoon season from June till November 2000 with Aus and Kharif crops

The OFWM improvements concern a range of water management and crop husbandry techniques and technologies which are adapted to the specific hydro-ecological and socio-economic conditions of the concerned location, which will optimize agricultural production. Appendix 3 provides further details on the conditions in the proposed pilot sites and the potential for OFWM improvements. The interest and priorities of farmers will be a decisive factor in the choice of the various options for improvement. The choice of the various OFWM techniques in combination with appropriate agricultural practices will result in an intensification and increase in production as presented in Appendix 2.

Staff Training (May 1999 - October 2000)

To prepare field staff adequately for the planning and implementation of the various farmers training and to monitor closely progress and constraints, an intensive schedule of training and in-service training sessions will be implemented with assistance of the FAO technical advisory team over the full duration of the pilot programme. Technical staff Training will be organized at central level (TST) at the start of each season and at field level (TFT) during implementation of the FFS to monitor progress and to advise in the field on specific aspects.

The training of technical and extension staff and cooperating local NGOs will be implemented by the team of national consultants with assistance of the FAO staff and TCDC experts.

In the implementation of the staff training programme assistance will be obtained from the Rural Academy in ..., which has considerable experience in implementing training programmes for technical staff on various aspects of OFWM. A special contractual arrangement will be made for that purpose.

Table 2 Schedule of Technical Staff Training

Tentative Date	Activity	Objectives
May `99	TST1 (introduction) First Technical Staff Training	to introduce OFWM to Technical Staff to introduce various technologies relevant to Kharif season and provide relevant technical knowledge, to define tasks and responsibilities to prepare a workplan for FST1
June `99	TST1 (second session) First Technical Staff Training	Presentation of OFWM Workplan and IFFS for Kharif season as agreed by farmers in the FST1 Develop procedures for introduction of the Workplan Define technical requirements and procurement of inputs Develop Farmers Training Plan
Aug-Sep`99	TFT1 First Technical Field Training	to provide in-service training and specific technical knowledge to evaluate progress and constraints during the implementation in the field to verify procedures and adapt technologies to overcome constraints
Oct `99	TST2 Second Technical Staff Training	to evaluate results of the Kharif season to introduce OFWM for Rabi/Boro season to prepare programme for the Rabi/Boro season to update technical knowledge
Feb' 00	TFT2 Second Technical Field Training	to support field staff to monitor progress and provide relevant in-service training
April `00	TST3 Third Technical Staff Training	to present results Rabi/Boro Season to provide technical training to prepare plan Aus/Kharif `00
Aug' 00	TFT3 Third Technical Field Training	to support field staff in Kharif season to monitor progress and provide relevant in-service training
Oct `00	TST4 Fourth Technical Staff Training	to evaluate results Kharif season to prepare proposal for expansion pilot programme on national scale

Farmers training (June 1999 - September 2000)

The consultative process with farmers will be the central part of the programme and will be implemented in a series of farmers training sessions over the three growing seasons. Two types of farmers training are distinguished: i) seasonal farmers training (FST) and ii) farmers field school training (FFS).

In the seasonal farmers training (FST) farmers will identify with assistance of the technical field staff suitable water management techniques and related agricultural practices to be adopted for a given season and define requirements and inputs to be procured prior to each season. Each FST will consist of a series of 3 weekly morning sessions, which will be concluded in a well-defined seasonal plan, in which targets and responsibilities are clearly defined.

In the Integrated Farmers Field schools, regular weekly sessions will be organized over the duration of the growing season by field staff to closely follow and monitor the implementation of various technical and agricultural technologies in line with the seasonal plan. A total of 15 sessions will be organized following closely all aspects of crop production and water management. The field staff will carefully prepare the programme of each farmers field school session and topics introduced will relate to the specific technique relevant to the growth stage. Outline of the curriculum and adequate extension material will be prepared by the national team assisted by the FAO staff and TCDC experts.

Community development and training for women groups will be implemented in close cooperation with the local cooperating NGOs for which separate contractual arrangements are made.

Several local NGOs have a special mandate in working with women and women groups to enhance their role in rural activities and to ensure their empowerment in adopting a wide range of economic activities. The project will therefore seek the cooperation and inputs of local NGOs through a contract in the training of women groups in improved on-farm water management and crop intensification procedures.

The schedule of farmers training and specific objectives is provided in Table 3.

Table 3 Schedule of Farmers Training (IFFS)

	Activity	Objectives
June '99	FST1 -PRA First Farmers Seasonal Training	to introduce programmes to farmers to ensure farmers participation and cooperation to set targets on OFWM improvements and production increase to develop with farmers a Seasonal Workplan for Kharif season
July - Oct `99.	FFS1 First Farmers Field School	to provide continuous information and guidance to farmers in technology transfer to overcome constraints and define appropriate means to overcome
Oct `99	FST2 Second Farmers Seasonal Training	to define appropriate technologies for Rabi/Boro season to prepare seasonal plan for Rabi `99 and Boro 2000
Nov'99 -Apr `00	FFS2 Second Farmers Field school	to support farmers in piloting Rabi/Boro technologies
May `99	FST3 Third Farmers Seasonal Training	to define appropriate technologies for Kharif season to prepare seasonal plan for Kharif `00
Jun'00 -Oct`00	FFS3 Third Farmers Field school	to support farmers in piloting Kharif OFWM technologies

Monitoring and Constraint Analysis (November 1999, May 2000, October 2000)

An adequate monitoring and evaluation system will be introduced as an integrated part of the demonstration programme of the various OFWM technologies, which will provide an adequate feed back on progress and results achieved and identify constraints encountered. The monitoring system will be part of the staff training programme and linked to an appropriate field reporting system for the implementation of the Farmers Field School.

As part of the SPFS constraint analysis the specific ecological and socio-economic conditions in the selected pilot areas, including market conditions, availability and price of agricultural inputs, community participation, environmental conservation will be monitored. The FAO farming system specialist will advise the national team on the monitoring of the various aspects to be recorded.

After each growing season an assessment will be made of the impact and results of the new technologies introduced. This will include a financial and economic analysis of the main interventions related to the engineering and crop demonstration programme and crop budgets for project and non-project benefits and cost. Advice on the preparation of the impact report will be given by the FAO farming system specialist. Preparation of the seasonal impact assessment will be carried out by the national team.

Conclusion and Follow-up (October 2000)

Results of the project will be presented in a concluding National Seminar to be held in October 2000 in which the results of the programme will be presented for senior staff of MOA and representatives of relevant research institutes, national development programmes and projects, NGOs and donors.

A final report will be prepared in which assessment is made of the technical, economic and financial viability of the OFWM interventions and approaches for conveying these proposed interventions to farmers in an effective training and extension programmes based on the Integrated Farmers Field School. The financial and economic analysis will provide the basis for the further extension of the pilot programme to national and regional development and investment programmes.

Based upon this assessment, recommendations will be made as to whether and how to expand the programme into a national programme and, if justified by the assessment, investment proposals will be prepared suitable for international financing.

VI. Capacity Building

One of the main objectives of the project is to strengthen the national capacity in providing effective extension services to farmers in on-farm water management. Strengthening of the newly established WM & AE wing of the DAE will be the main output.

Eight technical staff training courses will be implemented by the project for technical staff and block supervisors in three districts and six Administrative Subdistricts. This will provide essential knowledge and skills to provide technical support and guidance to farmers. Furthermore by introducing an innovative in-service training approach the project will define procedures to establish in DAE a capacity at district, Administrative Subdistrict and field level for implementing an effective OFWM programme within the framework of the overall extension programme. Consolidated staff training programmes and training materials developed under the project will provide the means to propose the further expansion of the training programme into a nation-wide programme.

Senior level officers, administrators and policy makers at central and district level will share the knowledge and experience of an integrated and participatory approach through the organization of workshops at national and district level. The impact of the project will be utilized for the development of a future development and investment project.

Training of local NGOs will be carried out jointly with District and Administrative Subdistrict staff and will allow a further strengthening of the technical capacities of the NGOs in supporting rural development projects.

Implementation of the pilot demonstrations in OFWM will emphasize the cooperation of farmers in the joint operation and maintenance of common water control structures. Formation of Water Management Associations and strengthening their capacity in sustainable water management will be an important aim and subject of the farmers training and farmers field schools.

VII. Inputs to be provided by FAO

Personnel Services: (See Appendix 4 for TORs and indicative timing)

Advisory Technical Services

Advisory Technical Services will be provided through the FAO Regional Office in Bangkok (RAP) and AGLW:

• A Senior Technical Officer from AGLW experienced in On-farm Water Management will advise and assist in the implementation of the proposed pilot project and training activities (two missions of two weeks).
• A Farming System Specialist (RAPG) will assist in the design and implementation of the constraint analysis and the implementation of the farm surveys (two missions of two weeks).
• An officer of the Policy Analysis branch (RAPP) will assist in the second year in defining the policy issues which need to be addressed in the expansion phase (one mission of two weeks).

Supervisory Technical Services

The lead technical unit (AGLW) and supporting technical divisions will provide further backstopping for the project, through the FAO Regional Office in Bangkok. Two backstopping missions of 2 weeks each from RAPG are foreseen for this purpose.

Partnership Programme Experts³

A total of four months of TCDC experts are foreseen to complement FAO ATS support missions:

• one TCDC expert (two missions of two month) in appropriate on-farm water management techniques related to minor irrigation technologies,
• one TCDC expert (two missions of two month) in irrigated crop production to advise on crop intensification and crop diversification under irrigation and to assist in the surveys and studies to be carried out under the constraint analysis component.

Suitable candidates will be proposed by the responsible RAP officer. TORs of the experts are given in Appendix 4.

National Consultants

The services of four national consultants for a total period of 22 months will be provided. (See Appendix 4 for TORs)

• Senior Agricultural Advisor (12 person-months)
• Socio-Economist/Farming system (3 person-months)
• OFWM Specialist (5 person-months)
• Horticulturist (2 month)

The consultants will be assigned on a "when actually employed" basis.

Support Personnel

Provisions are made to cover costs for secretarial and administrative support. For each site provision is made for implementation of the on-farm irrigation and drainage works.

Contracts

Funds will be provided for contractual services with suitable NGOs and national institutes to assist on carrying out PRAs, community development, women group training and OFWM training activities.

See Appendix 5 for further details on the contracts.

Official Travel

Assistance is provided for in-country travel of two TCDC consultants and 4 national consultants and FAO staff. A total of US$ 27,000 is allocated to cover DSA and transport. As distances from .... to project areas are long, travel costs are considerable. (For example: ... district is 335 km from .... Similarly, .... and ..... districts are about 225 and 286 km from ...).

Materials and Supplies

Provisions is made for materials to be used in demonstration activities and purchase of irrigation and inputs supplies, specified as follows:

• for implementation of part of the irrigation improvement works an amount of US$ 2,000 per pilot site will be made available with a total requirements for 6 pilot sites of US$ 12,000;
• for provisions of agricultural supplies in the demonstrations an amount of US$ 1000 per site will be made available;
• a considerable number of training manuals and farmers extension material need to be developed, in particular during the first period of the project. Preparation of the training and demonstration material will be supported by the project.

Equipment

The project would finance purchase of office equipment for the WM&AE wing of the DAE . In order to allow field staff of each Administrative Subdistrict to frequently visit the pilot sites the provision of motor bikes is considered essential. Six motor bikes for the Administrative Subdistrict Agricultural Engineers will be procured.

General Operating Expenses

Funds will be provided for general operating expenses related to the project such as telephone communications, photocopy paper and preparation of project reports.

Direct Operating Cost

Budget provisions are made for standard costs (US$ 20,000) to be incurred by FAO for operating the project.

In-Country Training

A range of in-country training activities are foreseen to develop the local and provincial capacity to plan and implement the pilot activities. The specific objectives and schedule of training activities are shown in Tables 2 and 3 and include:

• Technical Staff Training (TST) for SPFS provincial and district teams, a total of eight training workshops are foreseen for twenty staff and NGO, organized by the national team with support from FAO and international staff,
• Extension staff training for SPFS field staff , short duration locally organized by the SPFS provincial teams,
• Farmers Field School and Seasonal Training, to provide adequate support and guidance to farmers, a total of 10 farmers seasonal training and field schools will be organized by the SPFS field teams as outlined in Table 4.
• Two National Workshops and two District Workshops in each of the three district will be organized to ensure national and district support and cooperation.

Total costs of the training which will cover training materials, per diem and travel for participants and remuneration for resource persons, will amount to US$ 49,604 as specified in Appendix 6.

VIII. Reporting

Proper documentation and dissemination of results of field activities will be done at regular intervals.

Progress reports will be published quarterly and annually for circulation to field staff and FAO, in line with standard reporting requirements. Mission reports will be prepared by the national team and visiting consultants in line with the term of reference. Field reports will be prepared by district and Administrative Subdistrict staff, related to their field visits and training activities.

Progress reports will be prepared by the senior agricultural advisor.

The main results and conclusions of the project will presented in the Terminal Statement in addition to FAO's recommendations to the Government. The Terminal Statement will be prepared by the senior agricultural adviser and the project director based on the findings contained in the various technical reports and field documents. The FAO SPFS Core group will review the Terminal Statement to ensure that the Statement will provide adequate recommendations for the further expansion of SPFS activities on a national scale.

The project will publish relevant technical reports, technical reference materials and training and extension materials to assist field staff in the implementation of the programme.

IX. Project budget covering FAO inputs (in US Dollars)

Country:	COUNTRY X
Project Title:	ON-FARM WATER MANAGEMENT PILOT PROGRAMME IN SUPPORT OF THE SPECIAL PROGRAMME FOR FOOD SECURITY
Project Symbol:	TCP/.../.... (D)

BL	Budget Item
1200	FAO Advisory Technical Services	45,450
1300	National Support Staff	9,360
1700	National Experts	30,000
1800	TCDC/TCCT Experts	40,000
1900	Supervisory Technical Services	20,105
1910	Standard Supervisory Technical Services	(9,200)
1920	Supervisory Function of Lead Technical Units	(1,170)
1930	Field Visits by Technical Officers	(9,235)
1950	Thematic Evaluations	(500)
	Sub-total personnel	144,915
2000	In-country Travel	27,000
3000	Contracts	42,000
4000	General Operating Expenses	15,481
5000	Materials and Supplies	24,000
6000	Equipment	15,000
7000	Direct Operating Expenses	20,000
8000	In-Country Training	49,604
	TOTAL	338,000

X. Government obligations and arrangements

The Government will provide fullest administrative, management, technical and manpower support to make the project operational and effective. The Government should provide to the Project Team:

• all available documents, drawings, maps, statistic's, data and information related to the work;
• office space with the necessary utilities and furniture, including water, telephone, facsimile, electricity, desks, tables, chairs, filing cabinet, map files, desk lamps and adequate lighting necessary for efficient office use;
• additional transportation, if required, will be provided by the DAE; and
• secretaries and clerical staff, as reasonably required.

The Policy and Planning wing of the Ministry of Agriculture will play a central role in the overall guidance and coordination of project activities.

Operational Responsibility of the OFWM programme will be vested with the Deputy Director of the Field Services wing of DAE, who will ensure the necessary arrangements, facilities and assignment of staff in the decentralized offices.

Technical Responsibility for the implementation of the programme will rest with the Water Management and Agricultural Engineering (WM&AE) wing of DAE. The Deputy Director of the WM&AE wing will function as the National Project Director of the OFWM programme. He will be assisted in this by FAO assigned technical advisors, which will include national consultants, FAO technical staff and TCDC consultants.

Implementation of the OFWM program will be carried out in the six pilot sites by DAE field staff in the concerned district and Administrative Subdistrict. Staff assigned to the implementation of the pilot programme will include:

• at District level :the Senior Agricultural Engineer and District Agricultural Officer with further assistance of the concerned subject matter specialists
• at Administrative Subdistrict level: the Agricultural Engineer and Agricultural Officer
• at Union level: the DAE Block Supervisor

All the salary cost will be paid by the Government. The cost of project implementation in terms of salaries of staff, O&M and partially operational cost would be over US$ 100,000 which will be born by the Government.

In view of the important role of training in the implementation of the programme close cooperation will be established with the DAE Training wing.

Monitoring and evaluation would be carried out in collaboration with the Planning and Evaluation wing of the DAE.

To ensure support and inputs, adequate linkages need to be established with relevant national institutes, agencies and national development programmes. These include the national agricultural research institutes .. (non-rice crops), ... (rice) and Rural Development Academy in ... as well as relevant projects such as the FAO Strengthening of Support Services in Irrigated Agriculture and the UNDP/FAO Administrative Subdistrict Cereal Technology Transfer and Identification Project.

XI. Attachments to Project Agreement

Appendix 1 Project Implementation Plan

Appendix 2 Targets of OFWM Techniques

Appendix 3 Description of proposed Pilot Sites

Appendix 4 Terms of Reference

Appendix 5 TORs for Contracts

Appendix 6 Training Costs break-up

Appendix 1

Project Implementation Plan

Tentative Date	Activity	Objectives
March1999	Initiation of project	Preparatory activities, assignment of staff, procurement
March 1999	PRA Survey	To collect basic information on the technical, agricultural and socio-economic conditions in the proposed pilot sites To evaluate priorities of farmers for development and assess interest and motivation to cooperate To identify suitable partners for joint activities To prepare the WCC-SPFS Plan of Operation
May 1999	NW1 First National Workshop	To present project objectives To ensure coordination from national agencies, projects, NGOs, Donors
May 1999	TST1 (introduction) First Technical Staff Training	To introduce OFWM to Technical Staff To introduce various technologies relevant to Kharif season and provide relevant technical knowledge, To define tasks and responsibilities To prepare a workplan for FST1
June 1999	FST1 First Farmers Seasonal Training	To introduce program to farmers To ensure farmers participation and cooperation To set targets on OFWM improvements and production increase To develop with farmers a Seasonal Workplan for Kharif season
June 1999	TST1 (second session) First Technical Staff Training	Presentation of OFWM Workplan and IFFS for Kharif season, as agreed with farmers in FST1 Develop procedures for introduction of the Workplan Define technical requirements and procurement of inputs Develop Farmers Training Plan
July 1999	DW1 First District Workshop	Presentation OFWM Pilot programme to District Coordination Committee To ensure appropriate coordination and support
July-Oct 1999	FFS1 First Farmers Field School	To provide continuous information and guidance to farmers in technology transfer To overcome constraints and define appropriate means to overcome
Aug-Sept 1999	TFT1 First Technical Field Training	To provide in-service training and specific technical knowledge To evaluate progress and constraints during the implementation in the field To verify procedures and adapt technologies to overcome constraints
Oct 1999	TST2 Second Technical Staff Training	To evaluate results of the Kharif season To introduce OFWM for Rabi/Boro season To prepare programme for the Rabi season To update technical knowledge
Oct 1999	FST2 Second Farmers Seasonal Training	To define appropriate technologies for Rabi/Boro season To prepare seasonal plan for Rabi `99 and Boro 2000
Nov 1999 - Apr 2000	FFS2 Second Farmers Field school	To support farmers in piloting Rabi/Boro technologies
Feb 2000	TFT2 Second Technical Field Training	To support field staff To monitor progress and provide relevant in-service training
April 2000	TST3 Technical Staff Training	To present results Rabi/Boro Season To provide technical training To prepare plan Aus/Kharif `00
May 2000	FST3 Third Farmers Seasonal Training	To define appropriate technologies for Kharif season To prepare seasonal plan for Kharif `00
Jun-Oct 2000	FFS3 Third Farmers Field school	To support farmers in piloting Kharif OFWM technologies
Aug 2000	TFT3 Third Technical Field Training	To support field staff in Kharif season To monitor progress and provide relevant in-service training
Oct 2000	TST4 Fourth Technical Staff Training	To evaluate results Kharif season To prepare proposal for expansion pilot programme on national scale
Oct. 2000	DW2 Second District Workshop	To present results at district level To prepare recommendations for the NW2
Nov 2000	NW2 concluding National Workshop	To present results OFWM Pilot Programme To discuss and define national OFWM programme

Appendix 2

Targets of OFWM Techniques

Appendix 3

Proposed OFWM Pilot Location

Three districts have been selected in order to pilot and test various on-farm water management technologies in Country X. Each district represents distinct hydro-ecological condition such as ... represents low rainfall drought prone area, ... represents flood prone and waterlogged area and represents moderately high rainfall flood-free area. Other criteria considered for selection of districts, Administrative Subdistricts and sites included the potential for expansion of irrigation command, potential for intensification and diversification of cropping systems, yield increase, effective water use and farmers cooperation in water management. However it was a prerequisite that the district and the Administrative Subdistrict to be selected had to be within the mandate of Water Management & Agricultural Engineering (WM&AE) Wing of DAE. The district and the site profiles are briefly highlighted below:

1. ... District

The district is located in the south-western part of the country and represents the "dry zone" of the country where annual rainfall is one of the lowest (1625 +/-342 mm) and highly variable.

Total area of the district is2594.95 square kilometres including rivers and other water bodies. The area is predominated by high (48.6%) and medium highland (31.1%) and suitable for year round cropping.

Paddy, wheat, jute, pulses, oilseeds, potato and vegetables are the major crops grown. Being flood free, the area is suitable for intensive cropping and diversification of cropping system, particularly with vegetables and rabi crops. There is modest scope for improving the productivity through introduction of modern high yielding varieties of crops, improved cultural practices and appropriate irrigation and water management practices.

Ground water is the major source of irrigation and the district has considerable number of minor irrigation equipment (28793 STW and 1142 DTW). Sixty three percent of Net Cropped Area is irrigated. The existing irrigation equipment is largely under-utilized. The achieved command area under both STW and DTW is far less than optimum and needs attention for improvement. Faulty/inappropriate water conveyance and distribution system, in-field water loss, and lack of proper irrigation scheduling based on crop requirements, etc. are the major hindrance for increasing the command area.

Farmers generally irrigate boro (winter) rice, which covers 81.92% of total irrigated area. The second major crop irrigated is wheat (13.21% total irrigated area). Other rabi crops including pulses and oilseed are not irrigated. Being flood free, T. Aman rice is grown in large area (29.52% of TCA). The crop is affected by moisture stress toward the tail end of the growing season almost every year. Despite the availability of a large number of irrigation facilities, supplementary irrigation is generally not given. Mostly the irrigation canals are demolished after boro rice and conveyance of irrigation water appears to be the major constraint for supplementary irrigation to T. Aman rice. There exists very good scope for demonstration of supplementary irrigation.

The minor irrigation establishments are mostly privately owned and the owners sell water on commercial basis. The water users hardly have the opportunity to contribute in improving water management practices at site level. It might be possible to improve on-farm water management through active cooperation of the farmers including water users and owners.

The site profile under each Administrative Subdistrict is briefly described below.

1.1 Sites under ....

Located at a distance of 5.5, 16, and 1.5 km from Administrative Subdistrict HQ. All sites have a large number of STW in the cluster, of which suitably located 4 STW has been considered for WCC-SPFS. All STW are personally owned. Well depths varies considerably- ...: 60-65m, ....: 28-30m and ... 30-35m. Ground water table is between 4-6m in dry season and no draw-down has yet been observed in any site. The field canal system is earthen throughout and combined length in dry season varies from 450-730m. Main canals are retained while the distribution channels are removed after main irrigation season. Existing command area is too low per STW and there is some potential for expansion in Boro/Rabi season. Two to three cropping patterns are followed and 2-3 crops are grown in each pattern. Being flood free, good opportunity for improving the cropping patterns exists, mainly through introduction of improved varieties and possibly new crops. Supplementary irrigation is practised for T. Aman. and T. aus in a limited scale. Boro is irrigated 30-40 times and perhaps over irrigated.

The leading NGOs have office and services in the area. The local officials expressed willingness to participate in OFWM pilot programme in support of the SPFS.

1.2 Sites under ....

The two additional sites are located 16 and 5.5 km, respectively from the .... Similar to ..., 4 STW from a big cluster has been considered for WCC-SPFS. All STW are personally owned and electrically operated except one in ... site. The number of farmers in combined WUG (50 and 63, respectively) are higher than the sites of .... Well depths in ... is 35-40m but 60-65m in ... Static water table is between 5-6m in dry season at both the sites. Field canals are earthen and poorly maintained. Combined length is > 700m at both site. Except main canals, all are removed after main season (Boro and/or T.aus) irrigation. Boro-Fallow-T.man and Boro-T. aus-T. Aman are the major cropping patterns at both sites. ... site has more diversity of cropping. Mastard, wheat, lentil and a good number of summer and winter vegetables are grown. Bullock power is limited in both site (areas) and farmers hire power tillers from nearby villages for land preparation, which is often delayed in peak seasons (Boro and T. Aman). Good opportunity for improving the existing cropping pattern exists in .... site. Supplementary irrigation is given to T. Aman in a limited scale (mostly by the owners of the STWs). Boro is irrigated 30-40 times as in other places.

Two local NGOs are working for organizing Water Management Groups and Administrative Subdistrict-based association under .... Drainage Rehabilitation Project. They also organize other Agricultural Development Programmes under ASSP. Both have qualified Agriculturist and Civil Engineers and some training facilities. Both are willing to participate in OFWM pilot programme in support of the SPFS .

2. .... District

This is one of the southern districts of Country X representing (AEZ-14). The area receives about 1828 +/-317 mm rainfall with 5 months receiving >200mm.

The hydro-ecological condition of the area is quite different than that of ... district. The region is moderately to deeply flooded every year in the rainy season and the basin centres remain wet throughout the dry season. The southern part of the district is tidal-flooded by fresh water in the dry season.

Cropping intensity of the district is low (176%) as a vast area (37% NCA) is planted to single boro or broadcast aman rice. Due to deep flooding, the scope for intensification and diversification of the cropping systems is limited to a great extent. This situation demands immediate attention for field level flood control and drainage for improvement. To this effect, a Flood Control and Drainage (FCD) project is being implemented by LGED in the area (...FCD).

Major crops grown are paddy, jute, wheat, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, groundnut and some vegetables. Farmers mostly use traditional/old varieties of most crops including rice, and there is a scope for improving productivity through adoption of modern high yielding varieties and improved cultural practices.

Due to abundance of irrigable surface water in tidal rivers and khals, the major mode of irrigation is LLP covering 37.40% of irrigated area. Irrigation by tide accounts for 31.88 and STW 20.68 percent of total irrigated area. The irrigation coverage is only 18.29% of Net Cropped Area (113487 ha). It appears that there is a modest scope for expansion of irrigation in the dry season.

As in other places, the achieved command area of LLP and STW is quite low and the potential capacities are remaining largely under-utilized. The LLPs are sited on the banks of rivers and khals and water is pumped to higher elevations. A large portion of pumped water is wasted at discharge points and in the conveyance canals as these are not properly constructed and maintained. The conveyance and distribution systems need to be improved for increasing the efficiency of irrigation.

Farmers mostly irrigate boro rice (89.35%) and wheat (7.72%). Other major rabi crops - khesari and mustard - are not irrigated except in some highland situations. In large areas planting of rabi crops and boro rice is often delayed due improper drainage. Improvement of field level drainage is important to overcome this situation.

Two Administrative Subdistricts of ... district having operational mandate of the WM&AE Wing of DAE have been selected.

2.1. The sites under ....

The 3 alternative sites are located at a distance of 5, 8 and 3 km from ...district HQ.

Three LLPs are operated at each of ... and ... sites while 2 LLPs and one STW at ... site. There are 92, 90 and 110 farmers in the water user group, respectively.

All equipment is diesel operated having 21, 28 and 56 litres per second (LPS) design discharge capacity. The combined discharge capacity at ..., and sites are 84, 105 and 105 LPS respectively. Respective combined command area are 26.5, 22,26 and 25.59 ha. Each site has a modest potential for horizontal expansion of the command area.

The LLPs are fed from tidal and khals at all places and the pump head is within 3.0-3.5 m during the peak pumping season (March-April). The SWL of the STW is < 5.0 m. The field canal system is earthen throughout and poorly constructed and maintained. The combined length of main canal ranges from 1065 to 1600 m. The slopes of the canals are more or less uniform but in some places the beds are lower than the adjacent fields. The length of the earthen canals, bank erosion and lack of permanent (pacca) discharge boxes are among the major causes of water loss and low command area achievement.

... site is located within the Flood Control and Drainage (FCD) project area. It remains flooded from June through October-November. Flooding depth often exceeds 5-6 feet. However, the construction of water control structures (by LGED) is in progress and expected to be completed by April-May 1999. As of now, a single crop of boro (65-70% area) and B. aman rice (30-35% area) is grown. It is expected that it will be converted to double-cropped area from next year after completion of construction of water control structures.

... site comprises of highland (HL) and medium highland (MHL) and shallowly flooded in the rainy season. In normal flooding, T. Aman rice is grown safely. Boro-T. Aman-Fallow (50% area) and Boro-T.Aman-Grasspea/Blackgram (50% area) are the major cropping patterns followed. The area is suitable for year round cropping and there is a fair scope for intensification of the cropping systems.

... site is predominated by MHL and medium lowland (MLL) and moderately deeply flooded. In the MHL situation, Boro-B.Aman-Rabi crops and in MLL situation, Boro-B.Aman-Fallow are the major cropping patterns. Due to lack of water control measures, the scope for intensification of the cropping systems is somewhat limited in the area.

Farmers mainly irrigate boro rice at all sites. However, 2-3 supplementary irrigation is given to T. Aman rice at .... B. Aman is irrigated at ... for germination in case of extreme drought. Boro is irrigated 25-30 times at a depth of 50-75 mm per irrigation. The irrigation charge for boro rice is 4750/ha at ... and ...., while 8550 at ... site.

Two national NGOs working in the Administrative Subdistrict. Local level officials expressed their interest to participate in the OFWM pilot programme in support of the SPFS. Another NGO is working in the area for irrigation development. It provides credit to farmer groups for purchase of LLP & STW and provides service for repair and maintenance.

Note: There might be a scope for growing three crops in some parts of ... site through improved field level drainage practices after completion of water control structures.

2.2. The sites under ...... Administrative Subdistrict

The three sites located at a distance of 26, 7 and 5 km from the Administrative Subdistrict HQ, respectively. Irrigation mode at ..... is STW while that in other two sites is LLP.

All equipment is personally owned and managed by the owners. The number of LLPs at .. is 3 and at ... 4. At ..., there are 4 STW. The respective number of water users at these sites are 215, 204 and 62.

... site is quite old and the first LLP was installed in 1969 and the rest in 1989. ... and ...sites are new and started during the 1990s. The LLPs at ... are electrically operated while all others are operated by diesel. The designed combined discharge is 168, 224 and 70 LPS at respective sites. Combined command area is 52, 32.63 and 12.0 ha at ..., ... and ... sites, respectively. All sites have good potential for expansion of command area. The STW site is located in highland situation and boro, T. Aman rice and rabi crops are irrigated. The farmers at the LLP sites, however, irrigate only boro rice and occasionally the succeeding B. aman rice for germination in case of extreme drought. To meet the water requirements, the LLPs are operated 12-15 hours and the STWs 10-12 hours/day during peak pumping hours.

The field canals are earthen throughout except for a 200m brick built channel in one LLP at ... site. The combined length of the canals is quite high and varies widely from site to site. Irrigation canals are constructed and maintained by the owner/manager. The owner is also responsible for repair and maintenance of the pump at all sites.

Rotational flood irrigation is given to boro rice. At the STW site, T. Aman rice and rabi crops are irrigated on demand of the water users. The depth of irrigation to boro ranges from 50-75 mm per irrigation. The water retention capacity of ... site is very good and 15-20 irrigations are given to boro as against 28-32 irrigations at the other two sites. The cost of irrigation in boro ranges from 4750/ha at ... and .... to 5700/ha at .... The irrigation fee for irrigating other crops ranges from 1000 to 1200/ha for each irrigation.

Both the LLP sites are located in MHL and MLL area and moderately deeply flooded. Accordingly, the major cropping patterns are Boro-B. Aman-Fallow (50-70% area) and Boro-B. Aman- Mustard/Blackgram (30-50% area).

The crop varieties used are mostly very old and need to be replaced by recently released ones. Thus there is a fair scope for increasing crop productivity. Further intensification of cropping patterns, particularly in MHL situations might also be possible.

Two lead NGOs work in the area. Local level officials expressed their interest to participate in the OFWM pilot programme in support of the SPFS.

3. ... District

The district is located in the North-Western part of the country and represents the ... Floodplain (AEZ-3a-d). The region is moderately wet having mean annual rainfall of 2154 +/-540 mm with 5 months receiving > 200 mm.

The hydro-ecological situation of the district is somewhat different than those of the first two districts described. The higher parts of the floodplain ridges are normally flood-free but soils become wet during peak monsoon period. Lower parts of the basins are shallowly flooded mainly by rainwater. The region is characterized by shallow ground water aquifer. Ground water is the principal source of irrigation in the district.

The Net Cropped Area (NCA) of the district is 173,318 ha and 63% of this is under irrigation (NMIC, 1996-97). However, recent DAE (local) estimates of NCA and proportion of irrigated area varies (toward upper end). Due to abundance of ground water at shallow depths, STW and DTW are the major mode of irrigation covering 85.63 and 9.95 percent of total irrigated area, respectively in the rabi season.

The command area under all modes of irrigation is low, mainly due to loss of pumped water in the conveyance system. In general, irrigation is done through earthen canals. The soil being silty, canal banks are easily eroded and water spills out. The high percolation rate of light soil also greatly increases water loss. However, to minimize water loss, some farmers use more than one borings in a command area by shifting the pump (reduces canal length).

Due to predominance of highland (43.0%) and medium highland (52.7%), the area is highly suitable for year round cropping. Hence a large number of crops including boro and T. Aman rice, wheat, potato, mustard, tobacco, jute and vegetables are grown.

Farmers mostly irrigate boro rice (75.18% of total irrigated area), wheat (13.99%) and other crops including potato, tobacco and winter vegetables (10.83%). In most years, T. Aman rice is affected by drought at the tail end of the growing season, but supplementary irrigation is not usually given. In extreme droughts, a small area around the STW is irrigated once or twice. Distant fields are not irrigated as the canals are demolished after the boro/rabi season irrigation.

The Administrative Subdistricts under the mandate of the WM&AE Wing of DAE in .. district are ... and .... Three alternative sites have been selected in each of these Administrative Subdistricts for OFWM pilot programme.

3.1 The sites under Administrative Subdistrict

The selected sites in are located at a distance of 10, 12 and 3 km from the Administrative Subdistrict/district HQ, respectively.

At ... and ..., four STW and at .. three STW have been selected. All STW are privately owned and managed personally by the owner. In the CCA, there are 58, 35 and 50 water users at ..., and sites, respectively.

Due to shallow depth of aquifer, the STW are sunk at shallow depths - 60-66 feet at ..., 50 feet at ... and 66-70 feet at ... (except one at 95 feet). All STWs are diesel engine operated having various capacities. The combined design discharge is 98, 42 and 77 LPS at ..., ... and ...., respectively. At all sites, both boro rice and rabi crops are irrigated in the dry season and the respective existing CCA are 19,13, 9.31 and 18,42 ha. There exists good potential for expanding the command area at ... and moderate potential at ... sites. ... site is already saturated and there is no room for horizontal expansion. Supplementary irrigation to T. Aman rice is generally not given.

Irrigation canals are earthen and rebuilt every year in the boro/rabi season. Canal length varies from STW to STW and ranges from about 100-350 m. Slope of the canals is more or less uniform except at ... site, where in many places the canal beds are lower than the adjacent fields due to slightly undulated topography.

Rotational flood irrigation is practised at all sites in boro rice, but rabi crops are irrigated on demand of the users. In boro, the depth of irrigation varies from 75-100 mm per application. The number of irrigation applied varies from 25-35 depending on the water retention capacity of the soil. One to three irrigations are given to rabi crops (e.g., wheat, potato, tobacco, vegetables).

The irrigation fee is realized as "machine rent" in boro season, which varies from 1000 to 3000/ha. With such renting, fuel cost is paid separately by the water user. For irrigating rabi crops, the fee is charged on hourly basis at the rate of 30 to 40/hour including the fuel cost. However, the responsibility or repair and maintenance of the irrigation system (canal and machine) remains with the owner.

Due to predominance of HL and MHL, the area is suitable for year round cropping. The most widely adopted cropping pattern is Boro-T. Aman-Fallow at all sites. However, there is considerable diversity of cropping at ... and .... sites. Other cropping patterns at these sites are: Wheat-Jute-T. Aman, Potato-Jute-T. Aman, and Tobacco-T. Aus/Jute-T. Aman. Since the major cropping pattern is Boro-T. Aman-Fallow (60-75% area), there is a good scope for further intensification of the cropping system.

A good number of national and local NGOs are working in the area. One is not operating in the Pilot Administrative Subdistricts areas.

3.2. The sites under Administrative Subdistrict

Tentatively selected sites under ... are ..., ..., and ....The distance of the sites from the ... HQ is 4, 2, and 3.5 km. The distance of .... from ... is about 20 km toward ....

There are 4 STWs at this issue at ... and ... and 3 STW at ... site. As in ......, all equipment is personally owned and managed. There are 143, 93 and 76 water users in the CCA of the respective sites.

All sites stand above flood level. However, the fields are inundated up to the levels during the rainy (T. Aman) season. ... site has a small patch of depressed land at the centre requiring early drainage for planting rabi crops on time.

Depth of STWs varies to some extent from site to site and ranges from 20-25 m. All but two STWs are operated by diesel engine of various capacities. Likewise the design discharge also varies. The combined design discharge of ..., ... and .... sites are 70, 77 and 56 LPS, respectively. STW siting distance also varies and range from 250-600 m.

Boro rice and some rabi crops including potato, wheat, tobacco and mustard are irrigated. The CCA at ... is quite high (24.5 ha) as compared to ... (19.88 ha) and .... (11.75 ha). There exists a modest scope for horizontal expansion of command area at all sites.

The irrigation canals are earthen and mostly rebuilt every year during the boro season by the owner of the machine. Canal length varies from 200-800 m and is more or less uniform in slope.

At all sites, rotational flood irrigation is given to boro rice but rabi crops are irrigated on demand of the users. Water is applied at a depth of 70-80 mm at each irrigation to boro rice. The number of irrigations required ranges from 18-20 at ...., 24-25 at ... and 28-30 at ... site. For boro, irrigation fee ranges from 5000-6000/ha excluding fuel cost. Cost of rabi crop irrigation is slightly higher than that at ... and ranges from 40-50/hour. Generally 2-3 irrigations are required for the rabi crops. Most farmers are aware of supplementary irrigation to T. Aman rice but often do not practice as the irrigation canals are demolished after boro/rabi season.

Boro-T. Aman-Fallow (80-90% area), and Boro-T. Aman-Rabi crops (potato/wheat/ tobacco/mustard) are major cropping patterns in the area. Most farmers use old varieties of rice and rabi crops. Through adoption of modern varieties and possibly new crops (e.g. hybrid maize, summer tomato, etc.) the cropping intensity and productivity of the area can be increased substantially.

Appendix 4

Terms of Reference

1. FAO Advisory Technical Services (ATS)

1.1 On-Farm Water Management Specialist

Two missions are foreseen from FAO Technical staff in On-Farm water management from FAO Headquarters to provide the following specific technical inputs.

Timing First Mission:	April 1999
Timing Second Mission:	Jan. 2000
Duration:	2 x two weeks

The mission will be carried out in consultation with the FAO Representative and in close cooperation with the SPFS National Team in Country X and the WM&AE wing of the DAE. The officer will undertake two missions of two weeks and carry out the following tasks:

First Mission

1. review in discussions with the SPFS National Team and visits to the pilot sites, the technologies proposed in the SPFS pilot sites and advise on implementation and demonstration of the OFWM technologies and the training programme to be carried out for field staff;
2. prepare recommendations on the further improvement of the technologies introduced and propose relevant new technologies with detailed procedures for their introduction
3. prepare recommendations on demonstrations to be carried out in the farmers field, for the second dry season, advise on relevant data to be collected and define indicators to assess the irrigation performance and functioning of the water users associations;
4. assist in the preparations of the first National Workshop and the presentation of the Plan of Operation;
5. assist in the preparations of the Technical Staff Training (TST1) and presentations in order to instruct field staff in the preparations for the demonstrations of the Kharif season of 1999;
6. advise on the curriculum and material to be prepared for an Integrated Farmers Field School (IFFS) and introduce relevant sections on water management;
7. in discussions with resource persons and NGOs and in visits to relevant development projects, advise on areas of cooperation with ongoing development programmes in the country and in the region;
8. advise on terms of reference and workplan for the National Consultant in OFWM based on the recommendations prepared;
9. Prepare a technical mission report on the above, and propose an update of terms of reference of the second mission.

Second Mission

1. review results of the implementation of the OFWM programme for the Kharif season;
2. review with the RAP expert in Farming system the various constraints and impact of the programme;
3. prepare in cooperation with the SPFS National Team and National Consultant in OFWM the programme for the Rabi season of 1999/2000;
4. prepare recommendation for the consolidation of the staff and farmers training programme and the preparation of relevant guidelines and extension materials for the Integrated Farmers Field School;
5. assist in the preparation of an outline of an investment programme and expansion of the OFWM programme into other areas;
6. prepare technical mission report.

1.2 Technical Support Mission in Farming system analysis, (RAPG)

Timing First Mission:	June/July 1999	Duration	2 weeks
Timing Second Mission:	April 2000	Duration	2 weeks

The mission will be carried out in consultation with the FAO Representative and in close cooperation with the SPFS National Team in Country X and the lead technical division The officer will carry out two missions of 15 days and carry out following duties:

First Mission

1. review in discussions with the SPFS National Team and visits to the pilot sites, the findings of the PRA, the technologies introduced in the pilot sites during the first Kharif season, assess their relevance in the farming system and assess main socio-economic constraints;
2. identify various development programmes, ongoing and past, which have carried out in Country X relevant studies on agriculture and farming system, collect relevant studies and reference materials and review the various findings in farming practices and main issues and constraints experienced;
3. prepare recommendations on the implementation of a systematic constraint analysis in relation to the farming system in the various pilot sites and the technologies introduced;
4. prepare detailed recommendations on data to be collected and define relevant indicators to monitor constraints and progress of the pilot demonstration programme;
5. prepare relevant instruction material for the SPFS national team and carry out a brief workshop for the national team to familiarize them with the recommendations;
6. prepare detailed terms of reference for the TCDC expert in farming system analysis to assist in the impact assessment and constraint analysis;
7. advise on the curriculum and material to be introduced for the farmers field school;
8. in discussions with resource persons and in visits to relevant development projects, advise on areas of cooperation with ongoing development programmes in the country and in the region;
9. advise on a workplan for the National Consultant in Socio-Economics in relation to the implementation of the Constraint Analysis Component;
10. prepare a technical mission report on the above, and propose an update of terms of reference of the second mission.

Second Mission

1. review results of the data collection and implementation of the constraint analysis programme as recommended in the first mission;
2. prepare in cooperation with the National Consultant in Socio-Economics a report consolidating results and constraints of one year results;
3. participate in the Technical Staff Training (TST4) and present to project field teams procedures for relevant field data collection
4. prepare a consolidated programme for continuation of the systematic data collection over the different growing season;
5. prepare terms of reference for the second mission of the TCDC expert in farming system analysis;
6. prepare detailed advice and inputs for the further development of the curriculum of the farmers training and field schools and on relevant extension materials to be prepared
7. prepare technical mission report

1.3 Technical Support Mission in Agricultural Policy Advice (RAPP)

Timing First Mission:

March 2000

Duration

2 weeks

The mission will be carried out in consultation with the FAO Representative and in close cooperation with the SPFS National Team in Country X and the lead technical division. The officer will carry out the following tasks:

1. assess through the review of relevant documentation, in discussions with the SPFS National Team and visits to the pilot sites, the effectiveness of the OFWM demonstrations in terms of increased income and food security and identify the main constraints, which would prevent their wider application;
2. in discussions with government officials, development agencies and NGOs evaluate the actual government policies and their effectiveness in addressing main development objectives in the country;
3. formulate and present a comprehensive package of measures and policies required to enhance the OFWM programme within the framework of an expansion of the SPFS programme in Country X;
4. provide recommendations to be taken into account in the proposed follow-up investment programme.
5. prepare relevant material on requirements for the formulation of relevant policies to be followed up by the SPFS national team and to be presented and discussed in the second National Workshop in September '00;
6. prepare a technical mission report on the above.

2 FAO Supervisory Services

2.1 Technical Backstopping Mission (OFWM)

Timing first Mission:	October 1999
Timing second mission:	November 2000
Duration:	2 x 2 weeks

The mission will be carried out by the AGL Technical staff in RAP in consultation with the FAO Representative and in close cooperation with the SPFS National Team in Country X. The officer will carry out two missions of 15 days and carry out following duties:

1. provide technical advice and support to the National Project Coordinator and the Project team;.
2. Provide training in the Second Technical Staff Training (TST2- October 1999) and the second national workshop to be held in November 2000. Participate in the project steering committee meeting;
3. review progress, evaluate achievements and constraints and initiate corrective measures if required;
4. assist in the finalization of the terminal statement.

3 TCDC/TCCT Experts and Consultants

TCDC experts will complement FAO ATS and STS missions. They will be carried out in conjunction with the advisory and supervisory missions carried out by FAO staff:

3.1 TCDC Expert in On-Farm Water Management

Timing First Mission:	October 1999	Duration:	2 month
Timing Second Mission:	March 2000	Duration:	2 month

The mission will be carried out on recommendation and close technical supervision of the responsible AGLW technical officer and in consultation with the FAO Representative and Lead technical division. The TCDC expert will work close together with the SPFS National Team in Country X in particular the national OFWM specialist. The expert will undertake two missions and carry out the following tasks:

First Mission

1. Review in field visits the implementation and demonstration of the various on-farm water management techniques;
2. assist OFWM field staff in the design and planning of simple cost-effective on-farm irrigation and drainage improvement works;
3. evaluate the use and operation of the various pump types for low-lift and shallow tubewells and engines, the methods of well-drilling and prepare recommendations on a more efficient operation and maintenance of the pump sets and well development;
4. advise on the use of deep set pumps and possible alternatives for low-cost axial flow pumps;
5. review the cooperation of farmers in the use and sale of water for irrigation, and assess the role of water users group and the need to further strengthen cooperation for more effective and sustainable water use;
6. prepare relevant guidelines for field staff, training materials and instruction leaflet and assist in the development and implementation of a training programme for field staff;
7. advise on the curriculum and material in OFWM technologies to be introduced for the farmers field school;
8. prepare a technical mission report with main findings of the first data analysis.

Second Mission

1. Review results of the introduction and demonstration of the OFWM programme as recommended in the first mission for the Kharif season and update the technologies to be considered for the Rabi season;
2. review the implementation of the integrated farmers field schools during the rabi season and evaluate impact and constraints in discussion with farmers and the functioning of the water users group;
3. prepare detailed recommendations for the further improvement and consolidation of the various on-farm water management techniques and prepare relevant guidelines and training materials
4. assess and quantify the impact of OFWM improvements;
5. prepare a technical mission report.

3.2 TCDC Expert in Irrigated Crop production⁴

Timing First Mission:	Aug/Sept 1999	Duration:	2 month
Timing Second Mission:	April 2000	Duration:	2 month

The mission will be carried out on recommendation and close technical supervision of the responsible RAP technical officers on crop production and farming system analysis and in consultation with the FAO Representative and Lead technical division. The TCDC expert will work close together with the SPFS National Team in Country X in particular the national Socio-Economist. The expert will carry out two missions with the following tasks:

First Mission

1. Assist the SPFS National Consultant in Farming System Analysis in a review of present agronomic practices and assist in collection of relevant agronomic performance indicators in line with the programme and Terms of Reference prepared by the FAO Consultant in Farming System for the implementation of Constraints Analysis Component;
2. In visits to the relevant agricultural research institutes review appropriate research findings and recommendations on appropriate agricultural practices and technologies to be introduced under the on-farm water management programme
3. assist in the compilation and processing of field data relative to the first wet season,
4. advise on the curriculum and material to be introduced for the farmers field school and assist in the technical staff training;
5. prepare a technical mission report with main findings and recommendations on appropriate agricultural technologies and practices to be introduced in the rabi season;

Second Mission

1. Review results of the demonstration programme and assist in the collection of relevant data for the impact and constraint analysis
2. participate in the farmers field school during the second dry season and evaluate impact and constraints in discussion with farmers;
3. prepare detailed recommendations for the improvement and consolidation of the farmers training programme and the constraint analysis;
4. prepare a technical mission report.

4. National Consultants

4.1 Senior Agricultural Adviser

The assignment will be for a total of 12 months on a "When-Actually-Employed" basis over the two years project period.

The assignments will be carried out in collaboration with the FAO Representative, the lead technical division and the National Project Director. The Senior Agricultural Adviser will carry out the following tasks:

1. Design and plan the implementation of the PRA survey including selection of suitable field staff to carry out the PRA. Assist in the implementation of the survey together with the team of national consultants to be contracted. Finalize the PRA report and prepare a draft Plan of Operation for implementation of the OFWM programme.
2. Organize the first national Workshop in which the Plan of Operation will be presented and prepare a report on the outcome of the workshop;
3. Organize the first technical staff training (TST1) in conjunction with the National Workshop to familiarize and instruct field staff on the implementation of the demonstration and farmers field school procedures;
4. Plan and implement all activities of the project related to the agricultural and on-farm water management technology practices, training, monitoring & evaluation.
5. Assist in the selection of suitable National Consultants and advise on the detailed terms of reference and workplan for the implementation of the various detailed studies in the pilot programme in on-farm water management.
6. Carry out relevant monitoring visits to the pilot sites to follow-up implementation of the OFWM programme and conduct relevant in-service training for field staff (TSF);
7. Provide guidance to develop the year wise crop calendar and crop packages of technology for each site and develop gross irrigation water requirement for each crop with the help of the software developed by FAO.
8. Plan for the procurement of all inputs to be made available in time to the project site. Establish the work programme and time schedule for the various procurement activities for the inputs proposed for the project and prepare specifications and assist in the procurement of various equipment/ supplies.
9. Establish linkages with various agencies involved in development and promotion of on-farm water management technology for minor irrigation.
10. Review the impact of the various training and extension activities carried out and recommend further follow-up.
11. Supervise the work of the other members of the team.
12. Develop and supervise appropriate training courses.

The Senior Agricultural Adviser should be a qualified Agronomist or Agricultural Engineer with at least 12 years professional experience. He/she should be able to demonstrate leadership and have experience in minor irrigation and OFWM practices.

4.2 On-Farm Water Management Specialist

The assignment will be for a total of 5 months on a "When-Actually-Employed" basis over the two years project period. Three-month are scheduled in the first year, two month in the second year.

The OFWM specialist will under the supervision of the National Project Director and close cooperation with the Senior Agricultural Advisor and the FAO AST and STS consultants, carry out the following duties:

1. assist in the planning and implementation of the PRA survey and the collection and processing of data related to actual water control practices and minor irrigation equipment used . Assist in the preparation of the relevant sections in the PRA report and prepare a draft Plan of Operation for implementation of the OFWM programme.
2. assist in the organization of the first national Workshop and the presentation of the Plan of Operation;
3. assist in the organization and conductance of the first technical staff training (TST1) and prepare relevant training and reference material for OFWM field staff
4. advise in field visits the implementation and demonstration of the various on-farm water management techniques
5. assist OFWM field staff in the design and planning of simple cost-effective on-farm irrigation and drainage improvement works and conduct relevant in-service training (TFT)
6. Prepare workplans and TOR for conducting topographic surveys, mapping of the pilot area and divide into suitable blocks for rotation of irrigation;
7. evaluate the use and operation of the various pump types for low-lift and shallow tubewells and engines, the methods of well-drilling;
8. review the cooperation of farmers in the use and sale of water for irrigation and assess the role of water users group and the need to further strengthen cooperation for more effective and sustainable water use;
9. prepare relevant guidelines for field staff, training materials and instruction leaflet and assist in the development and implementation of a training programme for field staff;
10. advise on the curriculum and material in OFWM technologies to be introduced for the farmers field school;
11. prepare a technical reports with main findings of the first data analysis.

4.3 Socio-Economist

The assignment will be for a total of three months on a "when-actually-employed" basis over the two years project period, of which two month are scheduled in the first year and one month in the second year.

Under the supervision of the National Project Director and close cooperation with the Senior Agricultural Advisor, the Socio-Economist will carry out the following tasks during his assignment:

1. Assist in the design, planning and implementation of the PRA on the pilot sites and compile and analyze relevant baseline information on the farming system and socio-economic aspects of the project site, which will include information on:
   • Farm size, farm ownership, farmer groups, equity issue including gender.
   • Operation of pump units owned by a rich farmer or a group, water distribution/rotation, cost of irrigation water, role of water users in price fixation etc.
   • Inputs (seeds, fertilizer and insecticides), supply/distribution systems.
   • Role of public, private agencies and NGOs in the site area providing credit, and inputs
   • Existing mechanism for post harvest processing and marketing and scope for further development.
   • Role of women in homestead activities including processing.
   • Economic analysis of existing cropping systems
   • Production cost by item/variable, gross return, net return etc.

2. Assist in assessing potential technologies of on-farm water management and crop husbandry to determine if those are economically viable and socially acceptable.
3. Assist in carrying out a detailed analysis of the capital cost per hectare of the engineering intervention.
4. Assess if the additional capital and recurrent costs associated with the new technologies are likely to be acceptable to farmers groups, and/or whether these technologies will increase their credit requirements.
5. Assist in the preparation of the Plan of Operation and action plan in pursuance of the objectives of the project.
6. Assist the OFWM consultant in preparing guidelines for the formation of Water Management Groups (WMG).
7. Assist in preparing crop budgets for both project and non-project plots to determine the net benefit of the various interventions and comparing farmers existing practices with the demonstration technologies.
8. Review the course content of various training programme and suggest modification/ improvements if needed, so as to make the training programme effective and useful in upgrading the capability of the water users and extension agents of the DAE. Make sure that the socio-economic issues of irrigation agriculture are adequately addressed in the training programme. Besides, special focus should be given to improving the skill of extension agents in socio-economics analysis of agriculture production systems.
9. Assist the site team to develop a sound mechanism for establishing linkage with different service institutions viz. Bank, NGOs, .......
10. Prepare guidelines for development of sound marketing systems for diversified commodities that are produced through intervention under the project.
11. Submit mission and relevant technical progress reports to the National Project Director and to FAO.

4.4 Horticulturist

The assignment will be for a total of two months on a "When-Actually-Employed" basis during the second year of the project period.

Under the supervision of the National Project Director and in close cooperation with the Senior Agricultural Advisor, the Horticulturist will carry out the following tasks during his assignment:

1. review in field visits to the pilot areas the horticultural practices and the interest of farmers and potential of the area to expand horticultural production;
2. recommend an appropriate field programme to expand crop diversification and horticultural production and to demonstrate and introduce improved horticultural practices;
3. assess possible constraints related to markets and availability of inputs and good quality seeds
4. assess national and local programmes and initiatives in horticultural production and establish relevant linkages and cooperation with various agencies and NGOs;
5. organize a training course and prepare relevant training and reference materials for the field staff;
6. follow-up in subsequent field visits results in the field and conduct further in-service training;
7. prepare technical and mission reports.

Appendix 5

Terms of Reference

Contractual Services

Contractual services are foreseen for the implementation of the following activities:

1. PRA surveys for compilation of the relevant baseline information
2. Community development with local NGOs
3. Women Group training with suitable local NGOs
4. Technical Training in OFWM with Rural Development Academy

1. PRA surveys for compilation of the relevant baseline information (up to US$ 2,500 per site)

A PRA survey is foreseen to be implemented in the initial stage of the project.

The objectives of the survey will be:

1. to compile the relevant baseline information
2. to assess farmers priorities and expectations in water control and crop intensification to increase food security and farm income
3. to identify in a systematic way constraints and potential to intensify and diversify crop production and to define a range of relevant water control techniques and practices which will optimize production
4. to identify local institutes and partners (NGOs) to implement the proposed OFWM programme and ensure local support and cooperation
5. to prepare a detailed Plan of Operation as basis for the implementation of the project

A suitable local agency will be identified to implement the study

The national team will be closely involved in the implementation of the survey and will prepare detailed terms of reference for the survey and assist in the selection and guidance of a suitable agency.

2. Community development with local NGOs (up to US$ 11,000)

Introduction of the OFWM technologies and practices will involve the promotion of farmers' cooperation and the formation of water users group. This will require good local knowledge, frequent field visits and follow-up with the farmers' communities, for which an adequate institutional structure is needed.

Local NGOs in Country X play a major role in the rural development of the country and have proved to be efficient partners in community development, transfer of technologies and in making available rural credit.

As part of the process to introduce effective water management practices the project will assess the possible role of private rural institutions to provide essential services in support of community development and OFWM improvements.

As part of the PRA survey suitable local NGOs will be identified who will provide the following services:

1. assign suitable staff to be attached as full members to the DAE Administrative Subdistrict field teams for the implementation of the programme
2. participate in the Technical staff training and obtain the necessary technical knowledge to implement the OFWM technologies and practices
3. in a series of field visits to the concerned pilot sites assist farmers in the formation of water users group and in the introduction and adaptation of the technologies to local conditions
4. assist the DAE staff in the organization and presentation of the IFFS training sessions
5. assist farmers in obtaining relevant credit for agricultural supplies and irrigation equipment
6. assist in the further expansion of the WCC-SPFS programme by introducing successful OFWM technologies in on-going rural development programmes
7. advise on constraints and make proposals to make the programme more efficient
8. prepare relevant reports and proposals

Further details and conditions for the contractual arrangements will be worked out by the National Team during the PRA surveys.

3. Women Group training with suitable local NGO (up to US$ 6,000)

Women play an important role in the Country X farming system and their involvement in the introduction of new technologies and practices. The intensification and diversification of the farming system will involve new crops and changes in the labour process at the farm, which will have a direct impact on the gender division of labour.

Agricultural extension and farmer training tends to be male determined and unless special provisions are made their inputs and essential participation in the introduction of new technologies will be adequately accounted for resulting in an inadequate adoption and failure.

Several local NGOs have a special mandate in working with women and women groups to enhance their role in rural activities and to ensure their empowerment in adopting a wide range of economic activities. The project will therefore seek the cooperation and inputs of local NGOs in the training of women groups in improved On-Farm Water Management and Crop intensification procedures.

Through appropriate contractual arrangements the services of local NGOs will be ensured to procure services:

1. to review the role of women in the pilot areas and assess their potential and interest to participate in irrigated agriculture and the OFWM pilot programme;
2. organize special training sessions for women farmers in order to present objectives and technologies of the OFWM programme and to acquire priorities and constraints identified by women;
3. to promote the participation of women in the water users associations and where appropriate the formation of women groups for specific irrigated crop production;
4. to assure the access of women to credit and other resources in order to facilitate the availability of irrigation facilities to women and women groups;
5. to introduce relevant Water Control techniques to women groups outside the pilot areas;
6. to prepare relevant reports on activities undertaken.

Further details and conditions for the contractual arrangements will be worked out by the National Team during the PRA surveys.

4. Technical Training in OFWM with Rural Development Academy (up to US$ 10,000)

Training in On-Farm Water Management techniques for field level staff at district and Administrative Subdistrict level will constitute an important aspect of the project. The Rural Academy in ... has since 1980 a special mandate in training of agricultural staff of both governmental and non-governmental organisations. In order to use their experience and expertise in the preparation and conductance of OFWM training as well to ensure that technologies tested successfully in the pilot projects will find wider dissemination through the RDA training programme, the services of the Rural Development Academy of ... will be required:

1. to provide technical training courses for WCC field staff in relevant On-Farm Water management techniques
2. to develop training materials and field manuals on relevant OFWM techniques
3. to evaluate in the field the impact and constraints of the OFWM techniques and constraints

Further details and conditions for the contractual arrangements will be worked out by the National Team during the PRA surveys.

Appendix 6

Specification of Training Costs

Summary of the Training Activities 1999 - 2000
Activity	Training	Total Cost	Total Cost
	Events	Local	US$1/
National Workshop	2	159,600	3,325
District Workshops	3	65,700	1,369
Technical Staff Training	7	794,000	16,542
Technical Field Training	6	310,500	6,469
FST and FFS2/	8	1,051,200	21,900
Total		2,381,000	49,604

Notes:

1/ 1 US$=48 Local

2/ FST: Farmers Seasonal Training, FFS: Farmers Field School

Table 1: Cost Estimate for National Workshops
Duration	one day
Tentative Timing	April 1999 and November 2000
Location	Dhaka
No of Participants	40

Items	Duration	No Partic.	Unit Price		Total cost	Total cost
			Local			US$
Stationary & Sundry	1	40	750		30,000	625
Hono. Int. Res. Pers.	1	2	5,000		10,000	208
Hono. Nat. Res. Pers.	1	4	500		2,000	42
DSA Dist./Admin. Subdistrict Part.	2	23	300		13,800	288
NGOs participant	1	10	300		3,000	63
Snacks/lunch	1	40	500		20,000	417
Meeting Facilities	1		1,000		1,000	21
Sub-total NW1					79,800	1,663
Total NW1 and NW2					159,600	3,325

Table 2: Cost Estimates for District Workshops
Duration	one day	May '99
No of District Officials	20
No of NGO staff	9
No of Districts	3

Items	Duration	No Locat.	No Partic.	Unit Price	Total cost	Total cost
				Local		US$
District Officials	1	3	29	-	-	-
Lunch + Sundry	1	3	35	200	7,000	146
Field All. District Staff	1	3	2	200	400	8
Field All Administrative Subdistrict Staff	1	3	4	150	600	13
NGOs staff	1	3	3	150	450	9
Travel Allowance	1	3	4	100	400	8
Meeting Facilities	1	3	3	5,000	15,000	313
Report	1	3	9	1,000	9,000	188
Sub-total DW1					32,850	684
DW2	Date	Oct '00			32,850	684
Total					65,700	1,369

Table 3: Cost Estimate for Technical Staff Training TST1
TST1 Training
Timing	May-99
Duration	5 days
Location :	Dhaka
No of Tech. Staff	18
No of NGO Staff	12

Items	Duration	No Partic.	Unit Price	Total cost	Total cost
			Local		US$
DSA Tech Staff	5	30	400	60,000	1,250
DSA NGOs	5	12	300	18,000	375
Travel of participant	2	30	800	48,000	1,000
Stationary & Sundry	1	30	500	15,000	313
Honorarium Res. Pers.	3	4	500	6,000	125
Meeting Facilities	5		1,500	7,500	156
Report	1		5,000	5,000	104
Sub-Total TST1		30		159,500	3,323
TST1 (second session)	Date	Jun-99		159,500	3,323
TST2	Date	Oct-99		159,500	3,323
TST3	Date	Apr-00		159,500	3,323
TST4	Date	Oct-00		159,500	3,323
Total TST				716,000	14,917

PRA Survey
Timing	Mar-99
Duration	5 days
No of Pilot Sites	6
No of Staff districts	12
No of staff Field team	3
No of Sites	6

Items	Duration	No Partic.	Unit Price	Total cost	Total cost
			Local		US$
DSA Dist./Admin. Subdistrict Staff	5	12	300	18,000	375
Travel allowances	5	12	100	6,000	125
Block Supervisor	10	18	100	18,000	375
Stationary & Sundry	1	12	500	6,000	125
Report Preparation	1	6	5,000	30,000	625
Total PRA				78,000	1,625

Table 4:Cost Estimate for Technical Field Staff Training TFT1
Timing	Aug '99
Duration	3
Location :	District
No Sites:	6
No of Staff	18
No of NGO staff	12
No of Districts	3

Items	Duration	No Partic.	Unit Price	Total cost	Total cost
			Local		US$
DSA Tech. Staff	3	18	200	10,800	225
DSA NGOs Staff	3	12	200	7,200	150
Travel Tech. Staff	1	18	100	1,800	38
Stationary & Sundry	1	30	500	15,000	313
Honorarium Res. Pers.	9	3	500	13,500	281
DSA Resource pers.	10	3	1,200	36,000	750
Travel Resource Pers.	3	3	800	7,200	150
Meeting Facilities	4		3,000	12,000	250
Sub-total TFT1	3	18	5,750	103,500	2,156
Total TFT2	Date	Feb-00		103,500	2,156
Total TFT3	Date	Aug-00		103,500	2,156
Total TFT Training				310,500	6,469

Table 5: Cost Estimate for Farmers Seasonal Training FST and Farmers Field School
Timing FST1	Jun-99
Duration	4 days
Location	Pilot Site
No of Staff /site	3
No of NGO staff/site	1
No of Pilot Sites	6

Items	Location	No Days	No Partic.	Unit Price	Total cost		Total cost
				Local			US$
Farmers All.	6	4	25	100	60,000		1,250
Materials	6	1	25	100	15,000		313
Field All. District Staff	6	2	2	200	4,800		100
Field All. Ad. Subdist. Staff	6	3	2	150	5,400		113
Field All. Block Supervisor	6	3	2	100	3,600		75
Travel Allowances	6	4	4	100	9,600		200
Report	6	1	1	2000	12,000		250
Sub-Total FST1					110,400		2,300

Farmers Field School FFS1
Timing FFS1	Jul-Oct '99
Duration	15 days
Location:	Pilot Site
No of Staff /site	3
No of Pilot Sites	6

Items	Location	No Days	No Partic.	Unit Price	Total cost	Total cost
				Local		US$
Farmers All.	6	15	25	100	225,000	4,688
Materials	6	1	25	100	15,000	313
Field All. District Staff	6	15	1	200	18,000	375
Field All. Ad. Subdist. Staff	6	15	2	150	27,000	563
NGOs staff	6	15	2	200	36,000	750
Field All. Block Supervisor	6	15	2	150	27,000	563
Report	6	1	1	2000	12,000	250
Sub-Total FFS1					360,000	7,500
FST2	Date	Oct-99			110,400	2,300
FFS2	Date	Nov '99-Apr '00				360,000
FST3	Date	May-00			110,400	2,300
FFS3	Date	Jun - Oct '00				360,000
					940,800	19,600

1 Country X is divided into 64 Districts and each district is further divided into administrative subdistricts. Unions, comprised of a cluster of fifteen or more villages represents the unit of government closest to the people.

2 The block supervisor (BS) is the contact point between DAE and farmers and receives training and guidance from the Administrative Subdistrict agricultural officer.

3 If an agreement is reached between the Governments of Country X and Z on South-South Cooperation (SSC), a project revision may be desirable to replace the TCDC experts by experts and field technicians to be recruited under the SSC arrangements.

4 If an agreement is reached between the Governments of Country X and Z on South-South Cooperation (SSC), a project revision may be desirable to replace the TCDC experts by experts and field technicians to be recruited under the SSC arrangements.