This study presents a comprehensive mapping and assessment of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivation across four regions of Puntland, Somalia — Raascasayr, Bari, Nugal, Sanaag, and Karkaar. Using very high-resolution drone imagery and field data collected from 966 interviewed farmers, the study mapped cultivated areas, enumerated trees, and assessed productivity constraints. Results indicate that Puntland supports 2,409 ha of date palm cultivation with a total of 347,033 trees and an estimated average yield of 12,146 tons per year. Despite centuries-long cultivation history, productivity remains low, largely due to dependence on indigenous varieties and flood irrigation methods. Key challenges identified include limited technical knowledge, inadequate farm inputs, red palm weevil infestation, poor post-harvest handling, and constrained market access linked to inadequate road infrastructure. The study recommends targeted interventions including improved agricultural extension services, adoption of drip irrigation and tissue culture varieties, and infrastructure development to enhance farmer capacities, increase productivity, improve household incomes, and strengthen the overall resilience of the date palm sector in Puntland.