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L-15 Detection of Tree Cutting in the Rangelands of NE Somalia
This report outlines how very high resolution satellite imagery was used to estimate the rate of tree-cutting in Puntland. The study used visual interpretation of Ikonos and Quickbird images for 2001 and 2006 respectively to generate tree density maps for the two years. Through collaboration between SWALIM and the EC Joint Research Centre at Ispra, Italy, an automatic procedure for identifying and classifying trees was also tested. Both techniques produced similar results, which showed an overall decrease in tree density between 2001 and 2006. The results also showed some areas where the tree densities have increased due to environmental conservation through community interventions. The method used can be up-scaled to other parts of Somalia to support afforestation campaigns and environmental conservation.
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Technical report
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SWALIM
L-13 Land Use Planning Guidelines
During the last 120 years, Somalia and Somaliland have experienced great political and socio-economic changes. The change in land use policies and land use planning activities over those periods is considerable, with new governments often reversing measures taken by previous regimes. More or less continuous developments over all periods include growing population, expansion of agriculture (cropping), increased number of water points, sedentarization, tree cutting and expansion of rangeland enclosures.The purpose of the Land Use Planning Guidelines for Somaliland is to explain the
principles and procedures of land use planning in general, and how it can be applied in Somaliland at various levels in particular.
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Technical report
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Somalia Water and Land Information Management, Nairobi (Kenya)
W-12 Water Sources Inventory for Northern Somalia
The number of water sources information collected in SWIMS through partners implementing water projects in the field during SWALIM II was limited. Only 750 water sources data was received for a period of more than a year, and in many cases the data covered only a small section of the essential information. As a result it become necessary for SWALIM to move to the field and do an inventory of all water sources points in Somalia. A country wide survey was launched, in collaboration with UNICEF, for the
strategic water points: boreholes, springs, dams and shallow wells which last long into the dry season. There are many point water sources in Somalia, which would take many months to survey. Majority of these sources are however seasonal, lasting only a few weeks after the rains. They include berkads and some shallow wells, and are used only
during the rainy season. When they dry out the local communities look for alternative sources of water. The limited resources available for the survey could not cover all the water sources in the country. Only the strategic water points were surveyed, as they are the source of water for the local communities when the seasonal sources dry out. The survey started in the Northern part of the country: Somaliland and Puntland, with plans of extending to the South/Central Somalia when security situation allows.
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Technical report
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Somalia Water and Land Information Management, Nairobi (Kenya)
GAROWE-first steps towards strategic urban planning
First steps towards strategic urban planning
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United Nations Human Settlements Programme
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United Nations Human Settlements Programme
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The World Conservation Union
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United Nations Human Settlements Programme
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United Nations Human Settlements Programme
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Guide for preparation of flood risk
the guide has been prepared for the European Investment Bank to provide advice on fluvial flood risk management that addresses planning
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HR Wallingford
status of medium to large irrigation schemes in southern somalia
The Juba and Shabelle river basins have been, and could again be, the breadbasket of Somalia. They have considerable potential for irrigation development, and several irrigation schemes have been developed on these two major river basins to provide sustainable food security and alleviate poverty in the country. However, due to 16 years of civil insecurity and unrest the majority of these schemes have collapsed. Based on the conclusions and recommendations of the and rdquoBanana Sector Study and rdquoprepared by the European Commission (EC, 2002), the European Commission has moved to restore some irrigation facilities, and rehabilitate and maintain former irrigated plantations and irrigation schemes.
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status of medium to large irrigation schemes in southern somalia
The Juba and Shabelle river basins have been, and could again be, the breadbasket of Somalia. They have considerable potential for irrigation development, and several irrigation schemes have been developed on these two major river basins to provide sustainable food security and alleviate poverty in the country. However, due to 16 years of civil insecurity and unrest the majority of these schemes have collapsed.
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W-09 - potential of rainwater harvesting in somalia
Somalia covers an area of 637,657 km2 with the population in 2003 estimated at 7.5 million inhabitants. Somalia economy is predominantly agricultural (crops and livestock, the latter being a major mainstay). The economy depends highly on water availability, which in turn is reliant on rainfall. Rainfall in Somalia is not only low, below 100 mm per year in some areas, but has a high temporal and spatial variability (annexes 1 to 5). The annual average rainfall ranges from 215 mm in the North-eastern regions to approximate 550 mm in the South-Central regions (SWALIM, 2007). The water balance for the country depicts potential evapotranspiration greater than rainfall in the entire country. In addition, other hydro-physical conditions that negatively impact on the availability of freshwater include land degradation and siltation of water bodies. The situation has been compounded by 16 years of civil strife, especially in the southern regions. A number of local and international organizations have initiated civil reconstruction, environmental conservation and livelihood-support programmes. Experts estimate that Somalia is among the 13 African countries that will face water scarcity by 2025. A country is said to be water scarce when its annual per capita water availability falls below 1000 m3. Already, Somalia has less than 500 m3/per capita/year (UNECA, 2000). This is attributed to erratic spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall with average annual amounts falling between 100 and 800 mm, high evaporation, and human activities that exacerbate land degradation.
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Technical report
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Somalia Water and Land Information Management, Nairobi (Kenya)
W-11 - Water resources of Somalia
The report is a synthesis of SWALIM water assessments and reports, supplemented by detailed statistical analysis of the temporal and spatial variability of the available surface and groundwater resources, and their existing and potential uses. The assessment is based on the integration of hydrometeorological and physiographic data collected and analysed by SWALIM and partner agencies. The assessment describes the existing major water resources in the country, identifies special water resources needs and opportunities, documents ongoing and planned water resources development activities; it suggests practicable approaches to short and long-term water resources development at mezzo-and macro scale. The report is intended to support integrated water resources management in Somalia, based on coordinated development and management of water and land related resources.
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Technical report
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Somalia Water and Land Information Management, Nairobi (Kenya)
W-01 Climate of Somalia
Somalia generally has an arid to semi-arid climate. Rainfall is the defining characteristic of the climate and has a great spatial and temporal variability. The climate of Somalia is determined by the north and south movement of the inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). In most areas of Somalia this results in two rainfall seasons - the Gu as the zone passes northwards and the Deyr as it moves south. In both cases, rain is produced from the moist air derived from the Indian Ocean, in the southerly air stream. The north-easterly winds, emanating from Asia and Arabia, produce little significant rain. It is generally considered that rainfall is the most important meteorological element affecting life in Somalia. In particular, variation from season to season, and variations within the season are what determine the successes of agricultural activities.
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Technical report
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Somalia Water and Land Information Management, Nairobi (Kenya)
W-05 Status of Medium to Large Irrigation Schemes in Southern Somalia
Although irrigated agriculture was the life-line of the Somali economy before the start of civil strife in 1990, much of the information on the pre-war irrigation systems is lost and little is known about their present status. This report documents the findings of an assessment carried out by SWALIM to determine the status of medium to large irrigation schemes in Southern Somalia and their irrigation infrastructure. Comprehensive literature review, key contact interviews and extensive remotely sensed data analyses were carried out to arrive at the assessment results. Baseline information on the water barrages, canal systems and the irrigation schemes was generated and a GIS irrigation infrastructure database was constructed. About 5,000 km of canals were identifi ed and compared with satellite images. The boundaries and the status of 34 medium to large irrigation schemes were identifi ed. The data is well structured and accessible through desktop GIS software or through the web based Geonetwork software. The results obtained, together with the recommendations, are expected to form the basis for the infrastructure rehabilitation efforts by the donor community.
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Technical report
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SWALIM
W-08 Rural water supply assessment
Water resources in Somalia are limited both in quantity and quality, with frequent droughts and floods further worsening the water security situation in the country.
Before the onset of civil war in early 1991, the main institution in charge of water resources management in Somalia was the Ministry of Water and Mineral Resources (MWMR) through the National Water Centre (NWC). Exploitation of domestic water supplies was the responsibility of the Water Development Agency (WDA), while the ministry of Agriculture planned and operated water for agricultural activities in the Shabelle River. For the Juba River, development was the responsibility of the Ministry of National Planning and Juba Valley Development. Institutional arrangements of water resources management showed fragmentation, without a clear divide between the functions of national and local agencies. With the outbreak of civil war in 1991, much of the water infrastructure in Somalia was destroyed and social services such as health,education, water and sanitation were seriously affected.Being located in an extremely water-scarce area, the environmental, social and economic
development of Somalia is to a large extent dependent on improved water security through effective management of water resources.
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Technical report
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Somalia Water and Land Information Management, Nairobi (Kenya)
Inventory of Hydro -Meteorological Data of Somalia
Developing countriesespecially in Africa, face great challenges in data and information management. While it is known that centralised database management is a good practice in the field of research, not many countries have managed to achieve this, even with the growing rate of knowledge of information and communication technology. Somalia faces even greater challenges than these countries due to the prolonged civil war. One and a half decade of the civil war in the country have resulted in loss and damage of most water and land related information collected in the previous half century. On the other hand, great numbers of agencies are working in Somalia with different objectives and activities, which have led to disintegration of information. Having realised this, land and water data management and exchange have become important components within the SWALIM project. SWALIM is trying to recover lost information from different sources all over the world and at the same time re-establish data collection networks in collaboration with partner agencies. One area of interest is information and data on hydro-meteorology. A lot of resources and efforts have been put into place by SWALIM in an effort to recover these lost data.
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Other
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Somalia Water and Land Information Management, Nairobi (Kenya)
W-03 Inventory of Hydro-Meteorological Data of Somalia
Developing countries; especially in Africa, face great challenges in data and information management. While it is known that centralised database management is a good practice in the field of research, not many countries have managed to achieve this, even with the growing rate of knowledge of information and communication technology. Somalia faces even greater challenges than these countries due to the prolonged civil war. One and a half decade of the civil war in the country have resulted in loss and damage of most water & land related information collected in the previous half century.
This report presents an inventory of the historical hydro-meteorological data that have been
accumulated from various sources, and the hydrometeorological data that are currently
being collected by SWALIM in collaboration with partner agencies
Publication Type:
Technical report
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Author:
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Somalia Water and Land Information Management, Nairobi (Kenya)
L-09 Land Suitability Assessment of the Juba and Shabelle
This report describes physical land suitability for rainfed agriculture, irrigated agriculture, extensive grazing (pastoralism) and forestry in the Juba and Shabelle riverine areas. Land suitability is presented in the form of tables, maps and narratives for specific types of land use defined by individual crops, grazing animals or forestry species. This report also gives details of the Somalia Automated Land Evaluation System (SOMALES), which is an application of the FAO Framework for Land Evaluation and ALES software for Somalia. The report is useful in guiding policy decisions on land use planning.
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Technical report
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SWALIM
L-10 Land Degradation Assessment of a Selected Study Area in Somaliland
As a useful guide for conservation efforts in land resources management in Somaliland, this report describes the prevalent types of land degradation, their causes and impacts. This comprehensive study involved two levels of assessment. One covering the whole area using the LADA-WOCAT expert assessment method and the other focusing on a local area and using a combination of methods i.e LADA-WOCAT expert assessment, time-series (1982 to 2008) analysis of satellite images, and analysis of historical soil properties data. The most common land degradation types identifi ed include loss of vegetation, soil erosion, and decline in soil nutrient.
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Technical report
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SWALIM
L-11 Application of Remote Sensing Techniques for the Assessment of Pastoral Resources in Puntland, Somalia
The conceptual aim of the study is to test and evaluate the applicability of remote sensing tools and products in the assessing pastoral resources. In the study remote sensing in combination with fieldwork were used to assess pastoral resources in two study areas falling within Sanag, Sool, Nugal and Mudug Regions of Puntland in northern Somalia. The key purpose of the
study was to test remote sensing techniques as tools for assessing and monitoring pastoral resources.
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Technical report
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Somalia Water and Land Information Management, Nairobi (Kenya)
L-06 Land Suitability of a Selected Study Area in Somaliland
As an input to guiding policy decisions on land use planning, this study defi nes the capacity of the study area to support specific land use types. The main land use types considered were rainfed agriculture, extensive grazing (pastoralism) and forestry. Land suitability is presented in the form of tables, maps and narratives for specifi c types of land use defi ned by individual crops, grazing animals or forestry species. This report also gives details of the Somalia Automated Land Evaluation System (SOMALES), which is an application of the FAO Framework for Land Evaluation and Automated Land Evaluation Software (ALES) for Somalia
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Technical report
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SWALIM
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