Daraasadani waxay anfacaysa inay ahaato kob laga jaan qaado oo ku toosan qaanqaaminta la socodka keynta Buuraleyda Golis. Waxay sidoo kale aasaasaysaa qayb ka mid ah waqbashada hawsha la socodka xaalufka dhulka ee ay bilawday SWALIM. Macluumadka lagu curiyey daraasadaan waxaa ka mid ah khariidad muujinaysa dedka dhulka gudaha keynta Golis, shaxyo iyo naqshado goobaabo qaybqaybsan si loo muujiyo manaafacaasiga iyo maaraynta khayraadka keynta. Kharriidadaha ku jira daraasadan waxaa la curiyey iyadoo la isticmaalayo masawirro Landsat TM ah oo loo kaalmeystay masawirro Google Earth ah iyo sahanno goobaha duurka dabiiciga ah oo ay weheliso wareysiyo laga soo qaaday dadka deegaanka si ay u caawiyaan ka faaleynta kaymaha marka la eego walaac laga qabo maarenyta iyo manaafacaadsiga. Macluumaadka ku jira daraasadaan wuxuu caawini doonaa in la hagaajiyo maareynta iyo manaafacaadsiga keynta.

Meelaha beeraha waraabka ah ee Puntland ayaa la khariidadeeyey iyadoo la isticmaalayo masawirro Google Earth ah iyo waraysiyo laga soo qaaday beeraley ku sugan goobaha beeraha si looga warbixiyo isticmaalka dhulka. Macluumaadka lagu soo bandhigay gudaha qoraalkan waxaa ka mid ah khariidadaha meelaha beeraha waraabka iyo shaxyo iyo masawirro si loo muujiyo dabeecadaha meelaha beeraha waraabka ah ee Puntland. Daraasaddu waxay qeexaysaa xaaladda meelaha beeraha waraabka ah ee gudaha Puntland sidaas awgeedna waxay tilmaamaysaa meelo u baahan waxqabasho. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, daraasadan waa la sii hagaajiyey oo lagu soo gabagabeeyey dhexdexda SWALIM V.

This practical guide for land degradation monitoring will provide tools that can be used to facilitate a simple and systematic approach to monitoring long-term changes in soil and rangeland conditions and will be the working document for future monitoring programmes. The simple monitoring methods presented in this guide will be used to periodically generate quantitative information from different representative sites of degraded land, land under degradation or sensitive degraded land within the country. The monitoring approach will enable information to be shared among all stakeholders involved in land resource management and will help national decision-makers and the donor communities to make sound land resource management decisions.

The environment conservation act and the agricultural land ownership law

SDI is a well-known concept in Africa, many countries are on the way to having a formal SDI strategy Certain countries, such as Somalia, are starting the process of nation building after years of war. These countries stand to leapfrog other African countries by implementing current SDI best practices. The FAO‐SWALIM project is in the unique position to be able to assist Somali authorities in providing some of the building blocks for SDI development, even though SWALIM does not have the legal mandate to do so. This paper highlights what SWALIM can currently contribute and what significant work (and resources) are still required for a Somalia National SDI.

Floods regularly cause disasters in Somalia, and in particular along the Juba and Shabelle Rivers in the southern part of the country. The downstream segments of these rivers are marked by an inverse topography, with water courses at some locations on higher elevation than the adjacent land; as a result, the lower parts of the riverine floodplains are highly susceptible to flooding (an attribute widely used in gravity-fed irrigation and deshek farming). Arid and semi-arid land further away from the main river courses also experience flash-flood events. Flood risk management (FRM) has been defined as “a systematic process that produces a range of measures associated with flood hazard mitigation, emergency preparedness, impact response and disaster recovery, and which contributes to the safety of communities and the environment; and at the same time parallels risk management and good management practices”.

Daadadku joogto ay u sababaan masiibooyin gudaha Soomaaliya, gaar ahaan inta ku teedsan Webiyada Juba iyo Shabelle ee qaybta koonfurta dalka. Qeybaha dhocda-hoose ee webiyadan waxaa lagu tilmaamay in qaab-dhiismeedku rogan yahay, oo biyomareennada meelaha qaarkod uu jooggu ka sareeyo dhulka ku hareera yaal; sababtaas awgeed, meelaha hooseeya ee dhulka dhoobeyda webiyada waxay aad ugu nugul yihiin fatahaad (sifo si ballaaran loogu isticmaalo waraabka biyo soo furid iyo beero dhasheeg). Sidoo kale dhul oomane iyo mid bar-oomane ah oo ka fog marinnada ugu waaweyn webiga ayaa iyaguna la kulma dhacdooyin daad butaaco ah. Maareynta khatarta fatahaadda waxa lagu qeexay “hanaan isdabjoog ah oo dhaliya tallaabooyin isdabayaal oo la xiriira yaraynta halista daadka, u diyaargarow xaalad degdegga ah, wax ka qabasho saamayn iyo ka soo kabasho musiibo, taasi oo gacan ka geysata nabadgelyada bulshada iyo deegaanka; oo isla mar ahaantiina ay barbar socoto maarayn khatar iyo farsamooyin maamul wanaag”.

Floods are a common phenomenon in the riverine areas of the Juba and Shabelle River basin. The two rivers exhibit seasonal characteristics in their hydrological regime with high tendency of flooding especially during the Deyr (October to November) rain season. Some of the major flood events in the two basins in the past few decades occurred in the years 1961, 1977, 1981, 1997 and 2006. The floods are mainly caused by high rains experienced on the upper catchments of the two rivers in the Ethiopian highlands. However, the contribution of human activities to the floods is also significant, with the riparian farmers cutting the river banks to allow water flow into their fields during low flows. These illegal activities have increased after collapse of the central government in 1991 and exacerbated by El Nino 1997/98 rains that contributed to further destruction of the irrigation and flood control infrastructure.

Fatahaaddu waa arrin caadi ka ah gudaha dhulka ku hareeraysan dooxada Webiyada Juba iyo Shabeelle. Labada webi waxay muujiyaan astaamo xilliile marka la eegayo qululkooda (their hydrological regime) oo si xoog leh u janjeera fatahid gaar ahaan inta lagu jiro xilli roobaadka Deyrta (Oktoobar ilaa Nofeembar). Qaar ka mid ah dhacdooyinka daadadka waaweyn ee labada dooxo waxay dhaceen dhowr tobnaad sano oo la soo dhaafay 1961, 1977, 1981, 1997 iyo 2006. Fatahaadda webiyada waxaa badanaa sababa roobab badan oo ka da’a biyo-qabadyada sare ee labada webi oo ku yaal gudaha dhulka sare ee Itoobiya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale xoog leh ka qayb qaadashada hawlo aadamaha ee daadadka, iyadoo beeralayda dagan dacaallada webiga ay gebiyada dhirta ka jaraan si ay ugu sahlanaato in biyahu u qulqulaan xagga gudaha beerahooda marka socodka biyuhu yaraadaan. Hawlahaan sharcidarada ah waxay kordheen ka dib markii ay burburtay dawladdii dhexe sanadkii 1991 waxaana sii xumeeyay roobabka El Nino 1997/98 oo ka qeyb qaatay burbur dheeraad ah oo ku dhacay kaabayaasha waraabka iyo xakamaynta fatahaadda.

Somalia’s surface water resources are concentrated mainly along the two perennial rivers, Juba and Shabelle. The flow in both rivers varies widely across the seasons. During the two rainy seasons, Deyr and Gu, the rivers often flood from very high flows, whereas in the dry season, flow is very minimal and can barely support irrigation. The riverine areas of the Juba and Shabelle occupy a small percentage of the Somalia’s territory. Majority of the country falls under arid and semi arid climatic conditions with very limited surface water resources. Domestic and commercial water needs in such areas are usually met through underground water sources.