This practical guide for land degradation monitoring will provide tools that can be used to facilitate a simple and systematic approach to monitoring long-term changes in soil and rangeland conditions and will be the working document for future monitoring programmes. The simple monitoring methods presented in this guide will be used to periodically generate quantitative information from different representative sites of degraded land, land under degradation or sensitive degraded land within the country. The monitoring approach will enable information to be shared among all stakeholders involved in land resource management and will help national decision-makers and the donor communities to make sound land resource management decisions.

Hagahaan waxtar u ah kormeerid xaaluf dhul wuxuu bixin doonaa aalado loo isticmaali karo in la sahlo hannaan fudud oo nidaamsan oo lagula socodo isbedelo waqti-dheer ka dhici kara gudaha ciid iyo xaalado daaqba waxayna noqon doontaa qoraal loo adeegsado barnaamijyo kormeerid mustaqbal. Hababka kormeeridda fudud ee lagu soo bandhigay buugan hagaha ah waxaa loo isticmaali doonaa sidii si xilliile ah loo curiyo macluumaad tirokoobid oo ka soo jeeda goobo kala duwan oo matal ah dhul xaalufay, dhul xaalufiddu ku socoto ama dhul xaalufid u nugul oo dalka gudihiisa ah. Hannaanka la socodku wuxuu suurogelin doonaa in macluumaad ay wadaagaan dhammaan dhinacyada ku hawlan maareynta khayraadka dhulka wuxuuna ku caawini doonaa go'aan-gaareyaal qarameed iyo bulshooyin deeq-bixiye in ay go'aanno caqligal ah ka gaaraan maareynta khayraadka dhuleed.

Irrigated agricultural areas of Puntland were mapped using Google Earth images and field based interviews with the farmers to characterize land use. Information displayed in this report includes maps of the irrigated agricultural areas and tables and pictures to show the characteristics of the irrigated agricultural areas of Puntland. The study outlines the state of the irrigated agricultural areas in Puntland and consequently points out areas which need intervention. However, this study is being updated and concluded in SWALIM V.

The environment conservation act and the agricultural land ownership law

SDI is a well-known concept in Africa, many countries are on the way to having a formal SDI strategy Certain countries, such as Somalia, are starting the process of nation building after years of war. These countries stand to leapfrog other African countries by implementing current SDI best practices. The FAO‐SWALIM project is in the unique position to be able to assist Somali authorities in providing some of the building blocks for SDI development, even though SWALIM does not have the legal mandate to do so. This paper highlights what SWALIM can currently contribute and what significant work (and resources) are still required for a Somalia National SDI.

Daadadku joogto ay u sababaan masiibooyin gudaha Soomaaliya, gaar ahaan inta ku teedsan Webiyada Juba iyo Shabelle ee qaybta koonfurta dalka. Qeybaha dhocda-hoose ee webiyadan waxaa lagu tilmaamay in qaab-dhiismeedku rogan yahay, oo biyomareennada meelaha qaarkod uu jooggu ka sareeyo dhulka ku hareera yaal; sababtaas awgeed, meelaha hooseeya ee dhulka dhoobeyda webiyada waxay aad ugu nugul yihiin fatahaad (sifo si ballaaran loogu isticmaalo waraabka biyo soo furid iyo beero dhasheeg). Sidoo kale dhul oomane iyo mid bar-oomane ah oo ka fog marinnada ugu waaweyn webiga ayaa iyaguna la kulma dhacdooyin daad butaaco ah. Maareynta khatarta fatahaadda waxa lagu qeexay “hanaan isdabjoog ah oo dhaliya tallaabooyin isdabayaal oo la xiriira yaraynta halista daadka, u diyaargarow xaalad degdegga ah, wax ka qabasho saamayn iyo ka soo kabasho musiibo, taasi oo gacan ka geysata nabadgelyada bulshada iyo deegaanka; oo isla mar ahaantiina ay barbar socoto maarayn khatar iyo farsamooyin maamul wanaag”.

Floods are a common phenomenon in the riverine areas of the Juba and Shabelle River basin. The two rivers exhibit seasonal characteristics in their hydrological regime with high tendency of flooding especially during the Deyr (October to November) rain season. Some of the major flood events in the two basins in the past few decades occurred in the years 1961, 1977, 1981, 1997 and 2006. The floods are mainly caused by high rains experienced on the upper catchments of the two rivers in the Ethiopian highlands. However, the contribution of human activities to the floods is also significant, with the riparian farmers cutting the river banks to allow water flow into their fields during low flows. These illegal activities have increased after collapse of the central government in 1991 and exacerbated by El Nino 1997/98 rains that contributed to further destruction of the irrigation and flood control infrastructure.

Fatahaaddu waa arrin caadi ka ah gudaha dhulka ku hareeraysan dooxada Webiyada Juba iyo Shabeelle. Labada webi waxay muujiyaan astaamo xilliile marka la eegayo qululkooda (their hydrological regime) oo si xoog leh u janjeera fatahid gaar ahaan inta lagu jiro xilli roobaadka Deyrta (Oktoobar ilaa Nofeembar). Qaar ka mid ah dhacdooyinka daadadka waaweyn ee labada dooxo waxay dhaceen dhowr tobnaad sano oo la soo dhaafay 1961, 1977, 1981, 1997 iyo 2006. Fatahaadda webiyada waxaa badanaa sababa roobab badan oo ka da’a biyo-qabadyada sare ee labada webi oo ku yaal gudaha dhulka sare ee Itoobiya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale xoog leh ka qayb qaadashada hawlo aadamaha ee daadadka, iyadoo beeralayda dagan dacaallada webiga ay gebiyada dhirta ka jaraan si ay ugu sahlanaato in biyahu u qulqulaan xagga gudaha beerahooda marka socodka biyuhu yaraadaan. Hawlahaan sharcidarada ah waxay kordheen ka dib markii ay burburtay dawladdii dhexe sanadkii 1991 waxaana sii xumeeyay roobabka El Nino 1997/98 oo ka qeyb qaatay burbur dheeraad ah oo ku dhacay kaabayaasha waraabka iyo xakamaynta fatahaadda.

Somalia’s surface water resources are concentrated mainly along the two perennial rivers, Juba and Shabelle. The flow in both rivers varies widely across the seasons. During the two rainy seasons, Deyr and Gu, the rivers often flood from very high flows, whereas in the dry season, flow is very minimal and can barely support irrigation. The riverine areas of the Juba and Shabelle occupy a small percentage of the Somalia’s territory. Majority of the country falls under arid and semi arid climatic conditions with very limited surface water resources. Domestic and commercial water needs in such areas are usually met through underground water sources.

Khayraadka biyaha dusha Soomaaliya waxay ku uruursan yihiin inta badan jiidda labada webi ee joogtada ah, Juba iyo Shabelle. Socodka labada webi si weyn ayuu u kala duwan yahay xilliyada dhexdooda. Inta lagu guda jiro labada xilli roobaad, Deyr iyo Gu, webiyadu badanaa waa fatahaan marka qulqulku uu aad u sareeyo, halka markii xilligu qalayl yahay, qulqulku waa wax aad u yar oo si dirqi ah ayuu u taageeraa waraabka. Dhulka dacallada webiyada Jubba iyo Shabelle wuxuu ku fadhiyaa tiro yar boqolkiiba marka loo eego dhulka dalka Soomaaliya oo idil. Aqlabiyadda dalku waxay ku sugan tahay xaalado cimilo oomane iyo bar-oomane ah oo khayraadka biyaha dusha ay aad u yar yihiin. Baahiyaha biyaha hooy iyo ganacsiyeedba ee meelahaas oo kale waxaa sida caadiga ah lagu haqabtiraa biyo laga helo ilaha biyaha dhul-hoose.